语言学题目.docx
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语言学题目.docx
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语言学题目
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)
1~5BACCC6~10BACAC
1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.
A.contactB.communication
C.relationD.community
2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?
A.treeB.typewriter
C.crashD.bang
3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.
A.interrogativeB.directive
C.informativeD.performative
4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(岁岁)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?
A.InterpersonalB.Emotive
C.PerformativeD.Recreational
5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?
A.TransferabilityB.Duality
C.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness
6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?
—Aniceday,isn’tit?
—Right!
Ireallyenjoythesunlight.
A.EmotiveB.Phatic
C.PerformativeD.Interpersonal
7.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.
A.PerformanceB.Competence
C.LangueD.Parole
8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.
A.culturaltransmissionB.productivity
C.displacementD.duality
9.__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.
A.PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropologicallinguistics
C.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics
10.__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.
A.LinguistictheoryB.Practicallinguistics
C.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics
11.Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.
12.Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.
13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.
14.Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.
15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.
16.Only human beings are able to communicate.
17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.
18.of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.
20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.
IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)
31.Designfeature:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.
32.Displacement:
Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
33.Competence:
Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.
34.Synchroniclinguistics:
Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)
35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?
(南开大学,2004)
Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.
Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.
VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)
37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?
(青岛海洋大学,1999)
Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:
exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:
formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.
Chapter2SpeechSounds
1~5ACDAA6~10DBABB
1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.
A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice
2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).
A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme
3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.
A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones
4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.
A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula
5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.
A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering
6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.
A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones
7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?
A.AcousticphoneticsB.Articulatoryphonetics
C.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove
8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?
A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]
9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?
A.[i:
]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]
10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?
A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.Consonant
11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.
12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.
13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.
14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.
15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.
16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.
17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.
19.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.
20.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.
IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)
31.Soundassimilation:
Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.
32.Suprasegmentalfeature:
Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.
33.Complementarydistribution:
Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
34.Distinctivefeatures:
Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:
onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.
V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)
35.Whatisacousticphonetics?
听觉发音学(中国人民大学,2003)
Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.
36.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?
(南开大学,2004)
Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthisway
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