Book 5 Real property rights最新荷兰民法典英文版第5卷.docx
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Book 5 Real property rights最新荷兰民法典英文版第5卷.docx
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Book5Realpropertyrights最新荷兰民法典英文版第5卷
DutchCivilCode
Book5Realpropertyrights
Title5.1Ownershipingeneral
Article5:
1Definition'rightofownership'
-1. Ownershipisthemostcomprehensivepropertyrightthataperson,the‘owner’,canhaveto(in)athing.
-2. Theownerisfreetousethethingtotheexclusionofeveryoneelse,providedthatherespectstherightsandentitlementsofotherstothethingandobservestherestrictionsbasedonrulesofwrittenandunwrittenlaw.
-3. Theownerofthethingbecomestheownerofitsseparatedfruitsandbenefits,exceptwhenanotherpersonisentitledtothem.
Article5:
2Righttoreclaimthething
Theownerofathingisentitledto(re)claimitfromeveryonewhokeepsitwithoutarightortitle.
Article5:
3Accession
Asfarasthelawdoesnotprovideotherwise,theownerofathingistheownerofallitscomponents.
Title5.2Ownershipofmovablethings
Article5:
4Occupation
Apersonwhotakespossession[inthemeaningofArticle3:
107]ofamovablethingthatbelongstonoone,obtainstherightofownershipofit.
Article5:
5Finding
-1. Apersonwhofindsanunattendedmovableobjectandtakesitundercontrolmust:
a. withconvenientspeedreporthisfindinginaccordancewithparagraph2,firstsentence,tothelocalauthorities[police],unlesshehasgivennoticeofhisfindinginstantlytothepersonwhoheregardsastheownerorastheonewhoisentitledtoreceivethelostobject;
b. inaddition,whenhehasfoundthelostobjectinahouse,abuildingorameansoftransport,withconvenientspeedreporthisfindinginaccordancewithparagraph2,secondsentence,tothepersonwhousesortakescareoftheplacewheretheobjectisfound,unlesshewasnotobligedtoreporthisfindingtothelocalauthorities[police]byvirtueofwhatisstipulatedattheendofpoint(a);
c. ondemandoftheMunicipalityhandtheobjectovertotheMunicipalityinordertoenablethatMunicipalitytokeepitinsafecustody.
-2. Thereportmeantinparagraph1underpoint(a)canbemadeinanyMunicipalitytoacivilservantappointedtothisendbyandforthatMunicipality.Thereportmeantinparagraph1underpoint(b)mustbereportedtothepersonwholivesinthehouseorbuildingorwhousesthemeansoftransportasreferredtointhatparagraphortothepersonwhoholdssupervisionoverthathouse,buildingormeansoftransportonbehalfoftheonewholivesthereorusesit.
-3. ThefinderisatalltimesentitledtogivethefoundobjectinsafecustodytotheMunicipality.Ifhedoesnotdoso,heiscompelledtomaintaintheobjecthimselfandtokeepitinsafety.
-4. Thefindermaydemandthatthecivilservant,mentionedinparagraph2,firstsentence,suppliesaproofofevidencetohimindicatingthathehasreportedhisfindingorgiventhefoundobjectinsafecustodytotheMunicipality.
Article5:
6Acquisitionoftherightofownershipofafoundobject
-1. ThefinderwhohasmetthelegalrequirementsofArticle5:
5,paragraph1,acquirestheownershipofthefoundobjectoneyearafterhehasreporteditinthewayasreferredtoinArticle5:
5,paragraph1underpoint(a),providedthatheortheMunicipalitystillhavecontrolovertheobjectatthatmoment.
-2. IfthefoundobjectisgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipalityforanotherreasonthanthattheMunicipalityhasdemandedthis,anditisqualifiedasanon-valuableobjectunderanOrderinCouncilasmeantinArticle5:
12underpoint(b),thenparagraph1isnotapplicable;inthateventthemayorisentitledtoselltheobjectforaccountoftheMunicipalityortohanditovertoathirdpartywithoutfinancialconsideration(gratuitously)ortodestroyit,providedthatthreemonthshavepassedsincetheobjectwasgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipality.
-3. OneyearafterthefoundobjectwasgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipality,themayorisentitledtosellitforaccountoftheMunicipalityortohanditovertoathirdpartywithoutfinancialconsideration(gratuitously)ortodestroyit,providedthatneitherparagraph1norparagraph2isapplicable.
-4. Thepreviousparagraphsdonotapplywhentheownerofthefoundobjectoranotherpersonwhoisentitledtoreceiveithasreportedhimselftothepersonorinstitutionwhokeepstheobjectinsafecustody,providedthatthisreporthasbeenmadebeforetheapplicableperiodhasexpiredor,inthesituationsmeantinparagraph2and3,afterthisperiodhasexpired,yetatamomentonwhichtheMunicipalityreasonablyisstillabletohanditovertohim.
Article5:
7Transferoftherightsthatthefinderhasobtainedbylaw
Byimmediatelyhandingoverthefoundobjecttotheoccupantofthehouseortotheuser,operatororsupervisorofthespacewheretheobjectwasfound,thefindercantransferhisrights,derivedinthatcapacityfromlaw,togetherwithallattachedlegaldutiesandobligations,tothatoccupant,useroroperator,ontheunderstandingthatthereisnorighttoareward.
Article5:
8Saleordestructionofthefoundobjectoranimal
-1. IfafoundobjectthatisgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipalityishighlysusceptibletodestructionordecayorifitspreservationcannolongerbeexpectedoftheMunicipalitybecauseofthedisproportionalhighcostsorofotherdisadvantages,thenthemayorisentitledtosellit.
-2. Iftheobjectdoesnotlenditselftobesold,thenthemayorisentitledtotransferitsownershipwithoutfinancialconsideration(gratuitously)toathirdparty,ortodestroyit.
-3. IfthefoundobjectisananimalthathasbeenkeptinsafecustodybytheMunicipalityforatleasttwoweeks,thenthemayorisentitledtotransferitsownershiptoathirdparty,ifpossibleagainstpaymentofapurchasepriceandotherwisewithoutfinancialconsideration(gratuitously).Ifeventhatisimpossible,thenthemayormaykilltheanimal.Itisnotnecessarytoobservetheperiodoftwoweeksifitisonlypossibletokeeptheanimalwithdisproportionatelyhighcostsduringthatperiodoriftheanimalhastobekilledformedicalreasons.
-4. Theproceedsofthesalewillreplace(taketheplaceof)thefoundobject.
Article5:
9Moneythathasbeenfound
WherethefoundobjectthatisgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipalityconcernsmoney,theMunicipalityonlyhastopayoutthesameamounttothepersonwhoclaimsitrightfully,whichdutyendsassoonastherequirementsaremetthat,intheeventofanotherfoundobjectthanmoney,wouldallowthemayortosellthatobjectforaccountoftheMunicipality.
Article5:
10Costsofsafecustodyandfinder'sreward
-1. ThepersonwhodemandsthattheMunicipalityorthefinderwhohasmettherequirementsimposeduponhimbyArticle5:
5,paragraph1,returnsthefoundobjecttohim,mustpaythecostsofmaintenanceandsafekeepingoftheobjectaswellasthecostsoflocatingtherightfulownerorsomeonewhoisentitledtoreceivetheobjectinhisplace.TheMunicipalityorfindermaywithholdthehandingoveroftheobjectuntilthesecostsarepaid.Ifthepersonwhoclaimsthereturnofthefoundobjectdoesnotpaythecostswithinonemonthafterhehasreceivedaspecificationoftheinvolvedexpenditures,heisregardedtohaveabandoned(waived)hisrighttothefoundobject.
-2. Thefinderwhohasmetallnecessarylegalrequirementsimposeduponhim,isentitled,inviewofthecircumstances,toareasonablefinder'sreward.
Article5:
11Thefinderdoesnotcollectthefoundobjectintimeafterhehasobtainedownership
Whenafinder,whobyvirtueofArticle5:
6,paragraph1,hasbecometheownerofthefoundobjectthatisgiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipality,hasnotpresentedhimselftotheMunicipalitytocollecttheobjectwithinonemonthafterhehasacquiredtheownershipofit,themayorisentitledeithertoselltheobjectforaccountoftheMunicipalityortotransferitwithoutfinancialconsideration(gratuitously)toathirdpartyor,otherwise,todestroyit.
Article5:
12AdditionalrulesbyOrderinCouncil
ByorpursuanttoOrderinCouncilitispossible:
a. toissuefurtherrulesconcerningtheexecution(exercise)oftherightswhichtheMunicipalityhasderivedfromArticle5:
5uptoandincluding5:
11;
b. topointoutgroupsofnon-valuableobjectstowhichArticle5:
6,paragraph2,shallapply;
c. toissuefurtherrulesconcerningtheappointmentofcertaincategoriesofpersonsandinstitutionsthatareexcluded,fullyorpartly,whetherornotunderadditionalconditions,fromthedutyreferredtoinArticle5:
5,paragraph1underpoint(a),toreportthefindingorthatareequatedwithaMunicipalityforthepurposeofsettlingthefactualconsequencesofthefinding;
d. toequatecertaintypesofobjectswhichareleftbehindorforgottenwithfoundobjectsasmeantinthepreviousArticles,ifthishappensforthepurposeofsettlingthefactualconsequencesofafindingbypersonsorinstitutionsasmeantunderpoint(c).
Article5:
13Treasures
-1. Afoundtreasurebelongsforequalpartstotheonewhohasdiscovereditandtheownerofthemovableorimmovablepropertyinwhichitwasfound.
-2. Atreasureisathingofvaluewhichhasbeenhiddenforsuchalongtimethat,asaresult,itisnolongerpossibletotraceitsowner.
-3. ThepersonwhohasdiscoveredthetreasuremustreporthisfindinginaccordancewithArticle5:
5,paragraph1underpoint(a).Ifthefindingisnotreportedorifitisuncertaintowhomthetreasurebelongs,theMunicipalitymaydemand,inconformitywithArticle5:
5,paragraph1underpoint(c),thatthetreasuremustbegiveninsafecustodytotheMunicipalityuntilitishasbeenestablis
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