使用交易成本理论解释会计外包外文翻译.docx
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使用交易成本理论解释会计外包外文翻译.docx
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使用交易成本理论解释会计外包外文翻译
使用交易成本理论解释会计外包【外文翻译】
本科毕业论文(设计)
外文翻译
原文:
UsingTransactionCostEconomicstoexplainoutsourcing
ofaccounting
Outsourcingcanbedefinedastheactofsubcontractingoutallorpartsofsomefunctioninafirmtoanexternalparty.Thetransactioncosttheoryofthefirm,introducedbyCoase,hasbecomeastandardframeworktoexplainwhysomefirmschoosetoorganizeagivenfunctioninternally,whileotherfirmsdecidetooutsourcethatfunctiontoanexternalparty.AnextensivepartoftheempiricalresearchonoutsourcingadoptsthisTCEframework.Byconsideringtherelativecostoftransactionsusingitsownemployeesontheonehandandexternalpartiesontheother,TCEtriestoexplainhowcompaniesareorganized.Simplystated,transactionsdifferinthedegreetowhichrelationship-specificassetsareinvolved(assetspecificity),theamountofuncertaintyaboutthefuture(environmentaluncertainty),theamountofuncertaintyaboutotherparties’actions(behavioruncertainty),andthefrequencywith
whichagiventransactionoccurs.
Manyempiricalstudieshaveinvestigatedtheoutsourcingofproductiontasks.GatignondiscussseveralstudieswhereintheTCEframeworkisusedtoexplainoutsourcingofmarketinganddistributiontasks.Bothassetspecificityandbehavioraluncertaintyseemedsignificantinexplainingentrymode(independentagentversussalesemployees).Withrespecttotheoutsourcingofotherservicefunctions,suchashumanresources,IT,andaccounting,onlyafewstudiesareavailable.Forinstance,WatjatrakulandBarthelemyfoundassetspecificitytobeanimportantdriverfortheoutsourcingofIT.investigatedtheoutsourcingoftheinternalauditfunctionandfoundsupportforbothassetspecificityandfrequency.Asfarasweknow,researchontheoutsourcingofaccountingusingaTCEframeworkismissing.
Thislimitednumberofstudiesonoutsourcingofservicefunctionsisincontrast
withthegeneraltrendwenoticeinpractice,whereincompaniestendtofocusoncoreactivities.derivefromtheirreviewoftheTCEliteraturethat,despitetheservice-dominantshiftinpractice,limitedattentionhasbeengiventothespecificcharacteristicsofservicefunctionsandtheirimpactupontheoutsourcingdecision.Theyconcludethat,togoverntheoutsourcingdecisionofbusinessservicesefficiently,moreemphasisshouldbeplacedonbehavioraluncertainty,(human)assetspecificity,andtrust.Also,Kleinconcludesinhisreviewpaperthatstrategicmanagementpapershaveincludedalternativetheoriesofthefirm,basedoncapabilities,power,andtrust,andthatthesevariablescouldpotentiallybecomeimportantrivalstothetransactioncostview.Forinstance,theimpactoftrustinservicefirmshasbeeninvestigatedbyBrouthers,andtrustturnedouttobesignificantforentrymodechoicesinservicefirms(butnotinmanufacturingfirms).Similarly,becauseofthepeople-intensivenatureoftheaccountingtasks,wemightexpectthattrustintheserviceproviderwillinfluencetheoutsourcingdecision.Therefore,trustwillbeincludedinthispaper.Furthermore,althoughsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesaccountforasignificantportionoftheeconomicactivity,researchonoutsourcingwithinsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SME)isrelativelyscarce.haveconductedresearchontheoutsourcingofmanufacturingtasksbysmallfirmsandhavecalledforamoregeneraltheoryofoutsourcing,whichwouldrequiretheconsiderationofanumberofpersonalandorganizationaldrivers.
Overall,thepurposeofthisstudyistoidentifywhysomeSMEsareoutsourcingtheiraccountingtasks,whereasotherSMEsperformthesameaccountingtaskswithinthecompany.WewillinvestigatetheimpactofTCEvariables,whilecontrollingfortrustandotherpersonalcharacteristicsoftheSMEexecutive.Indoingso,weattempttoexpandthebodyofknowledgeaboutoutsourcinginseveralways.First,wefocusonoutsourcingofaservicefunction,conformingtothetrendsidentifiedbyGilleyetal.Inthatwefocus,indepth,ononefunctionalarea,thatbeingtheaccountingfunction.Second,weperformacross-industrystudywithinonecountry.theprogressionfromsingle-industrycasestudiestoacross-industrywithin-countryanalysisisanaturaloneaswestrivetofurtherdevelopourknowledgeonoutsourcing.
Third,hypothesesarederivedfromtheTCEmodelandincludeassetspecificity,environmentaluncertainty,andfrequencyasexplanatoryvariables.Kleinarguesthatempiricalresearchonoutsourcingoftenishamperedbyconfusionaboutthedefinitionsof,andthereforetheempiricalproxiesforkeyvariableslikeassetspecificityanduncertainty.Inthisstudy,wedonotusegeneralproxies,butdevelopmeasurementscalestocapturetheperceptionoftheSMEexecutiveonassetspecificity,andenvironmentaluncertainty.Ameasureforfrequencyisdeveloped,capturingboththevolume(representingtheresourcesinvested)andrepetitivenessofthetransaction.Fourth,weincludecontrolvariablesreferringtothepersonalcharacteristicsoftheCEO(education,age,trustintheexternalaccountant).ParkandKrishnansuggestthatpersonalvariablesmayhaveanimpactonoutsourcingdecisions,inparticularforsmallfirms.Inaddition,TCEhasbeencriticizedforbeingfocusedsolelyonopportunismasabasisforbehavior,ignoringhowrelationshipsmoreoftenarebasedoncooperationandthepersonalrelationshipsthatexistbetweenactors.Fifth,outsourcingoftenismodeledasadiscretevariable.Inthisstudy,weconsiderthedegreeofoutsourcingasthedependentvariablesince,particularlywithaccountingtasks,smallfirmsoftenuseacombinationofoutsourcingandinternalizing.Finally,wecollectdataatthetasklevel,therebymakingitpossibletodistinguishbetweentheoutsourcingofroutineandnon-routineaccountingtasks.
Inthefollowingsections,weprovidesomebackgroundinformationanddevelophypothesesbyapplyingtheTCEframeworktoaccountingtasks.Thisisfollowedbyadescriptionofthesurveymethodology.Next,thefindingsarepresented.Finally,theresultsarediscussedandimplicationsforfutureresearcharedrawn.
Asweaddresstheprocessofoutsourcing,werefertothe‘externalaccountant,’
includingboththeindependentaccountantandtheaccountingfirm.AsindicatedinFig.1,theannualaccountingprocessinacompanyiscomposedoffourmaintasks:
(1)entryofinvoicesandfinancialtransactions;
(2)preparationofaninterimprofitandlossaccount;(3)periodendaccounting;(4)preparationoffinancialstatements(balancesheets,profitandlossaccount,notes).Thesefourtasksareinterconnected,andallarenecessarytoproducecompletefinancialstatements.
Similartotheinternalauditingfunction,wemaydistinguishbetweenroutineandnon-routinetasks.Theentryofinvoicesandpreparationofinterimreportsareroutinetasks,whereasperiodendaccountingandthepreparationoffinancialstatementscanbeconsiderednon-routinetasks.Routinetasksarethosetasksforwhichtheoutputisrelativelystraightforwardandstandardized,whichrequirelessjudgmentonthepartoftheaccountant,whetherinternalorexternal.Inasimilarvein,non-routinetasksrequiremorejudgmentfromtheaccountant,sothatthedecisionsarelessstandardizedandrequirevaluableopinions.Sincetheaccountingtasksareinterconnected,thedecisiontooutsourcenon-routinetasksdepends,inasense,ontheoutsourcingdecisionregardingroutinetasks.Forinstance,firmsthatdecidetofullyoutsourceroutinetasksalsowillneedtorelyonfulloutsourcingfornon-routinetasks,sincethefirmwillnolongerpossesstheinformationthatisrequiredtoperformthenon-routinetasksinternally.Additionalaccountingtasks(e.g.,businessadvicetomanagers)havebeenexcludedfromthisstudy,sincetheseactivitiesareperformedonanadspecialbasisandsignificantlydifferintermsofcontent.
Exploratoryinterviews2withpractitionershavetaughtusthatconsideringtheaccountingprocesssimplyintermsofoutsourcingorinternalizingwillnotcapturereality.Somecompaniesuseahybridofoutsourcingandinternalizing,evenwithinasingletask.Forinstance,aninternalaccountantoftenpreparestheperiod-endaccounting,whilethefinaltouchesonthistaskareoutsourcedtoanexternalaccountant.Hence,inthisstudy,weconsideroutsourcingintensitytobethedependentvariableanddefineitas‘thedegreeofoutsourcing,expressedasthe
percentageoftheworkloadperformedbyanexternalaccountant.’Outsourcing
intensitywillbeconsideredforthewholeaccountingprocess,theso-calledoveralloutsourcingintensity,aswellasforroutineandnon-routinetasksseparately.
Overall,thefindingsofthisstudydemonstratethattheoutsourcingofaccountinginSMEssupportstwomajorTCEpredictions,i.e.,forfrequencyandassetspecificity.Frequencyturnsouttobesignificantlyassociatedwiththeoutsourcingintensityofbothroutineandnon-routineaccountingtasks.ConsistentwiththeTCEmodel,thelowerthefrequencyoftheaccountingtasks,themoreintenselytheyareoutsourced.
SMEsseemtobeabletocreateeconomiesofscalefortheroutineaccountingtasksthatarerecurrentandsizeable,sothattheyareinclinedtomaintainsuchaccountingtasksinternally.Furthermore,wefoundevidencefortheimportantroleofassetspecificity,inparticularforthenon-routinetasks.Non-routineaccountingtasksrequiremoreexpertiseandjudgmentfromtheaccountant.Whenknowledgeregardingthespecificcontextofthecompanyisimportantinmakingthosejudgments,itbecomescostlytotransferthemtoanexternalaccountant;hence,compani
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