独立主格结构课件.docx
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独立主格结构课件.docx
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独立主格结构课件
毅帆教育学科培训师辅导讲义
讲义编号
学员编号
年级
高三
课时数
2
学员姓名
陈崟
辅导科目
英语
学科培训师
夏老师
学科组长签字
教务长签字
课题
独立主格结构专题
备课时间:
2014.4.1
授课时间:
2014.4.3
教学目标
掌握独立主格结构的用法和运用。
重点、难点
0.掌握独立主格结构中不定式,现在分词,过去分词的运用。
1.掌握with、without的独立主格结构的运用。
考点及考试要求
教学内容
独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(AbsoluteConstruction)。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Suchanablemantohelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.
(suchanableman和tohelpyou之间存在着主谓关系)
=Sincesuchanablemanwillhelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.
Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.
(seatinghimselfatthedesk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)
=Whenheseatedhimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory.
A. 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
1.动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.
(=Ashismotheristocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.)
巩固练习:
1.Thefourofusagreeonadivisionoflabour,each_______aquarterofthebook.
A.totranslate B.translatingC.translate
注:
(=Thefourofusagreeonadivisionoflabourandeachistotranslateaquarterofthebook.)
2.Manytrees,flowers,andgrass_______,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.
A.tobeplantedBtoplantC.plantD.planting
注:
(=Ifmanytrees,flowers,andgrassareplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.)
B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass.
每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。
(相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewasready)
Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated.
每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。
(相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated)
2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.
(相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway)
Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.
(相当于一个原因状语从句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim)
3.表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight.
(相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmyhealthallows)
4.表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest.
(相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest)
巩固练习:
1._______ill,hewenthome.
A.BeingB.HeisC.tobeD.was
注:
(=Ashewasveryill,hewenthome.)
2._______himselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.
A.SeatingB.toseatC.seated
注:
(=Whenhehadseatedhimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.)
3.Time_______,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek.
A.permittingB.permitC.topermitD.ispermit
注:
(相当于一个条件状语从句Iftimepermits)
4.Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.
A.lookingatB.lookatC.lookedatD.tolookat
注:
(相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky)
C.-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.
=AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.
巩固练习:
1.Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatly_______.
A.improvedB.toimproveC.improve
注:
Astheirlivingconditionsweregreatlyimproved,theworkersworkedstillharder.
2.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyes_______ontheblackboard.
A.fixedB.wasfixedC.tofixD.fixing
注:
Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard.
3.Thetask_______,hehadtwomonths'leave.
A.completedB.hascompletedC.tocompleteDcompleting
注:
(=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths'leave.)
比较:
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
Themanagerlooksworried,manythingstosettle.(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式tosettle)
Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.(两个动作同时进行)
Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed.(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)
二、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。
在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
2.逻辑主语+名词
Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12.
(theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being)
注意:
独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.
ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed.
巩固练习:
1.It_______NationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded.
A.beingB.wasC.wasbeingD.has
2.There____beingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.
A.wasB.wereC.wasbeingD.being
B.逻辑主语+形容词
Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.
(hiseyes和sleepy之间省去了being)
=Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy.
练习:
Hestoodthere,hismouth____.
A.openB.openedC.opening
注:
=Hestoodthere,andhismouthwasopen.
C.逻辑主语+副词
1.Schoolover,weallwenthome.
(school和over之间省去了being)
=Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome.
2.Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff.
(hisshoes和off之间省去了being)
=Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff.
D.逻辑主语+介词短语
Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus.
=Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackistowardsus.
练习:
1.Thenewteachercamein,asmile____herface.
AinBonCtoDat
=Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface.
2.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,arule____hishand.
AinBonCtoDat
=Theteachercameinandarulerwasinhishand.
提示:
在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,如果名词用单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。
Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,violininhand.
音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。
(=Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,aviolininhishand.)
三、 with,without引导的独立主格结构
介词withwithout+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
A.with+名词代词+形容词
Hedoesn’tliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.
=Hedoesn’tliketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen.
练习:
Hestoodintherain,withhisclothes____.
AwetBwetly
注:
=Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet.
注意:
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
Withhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltunhappy.
Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn’twanttostudy.
B.with+名词代词+副词
Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead.
=Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead.
练习:
Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulwithallthelights____.
A.onB.offC.down
注:
=Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulifwhenallthelightsareon.
3.with+名词代词+介词短
Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.
Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand.
=Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand.
Vincentsatatthedesk,withapeninhismouth.
Vincentsatatthedesk,peninmouth.
=Vincentsatatthedesk,andhehadapeninhismouth.
D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.
=Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay.
练习:
1.Withthesignal,thetrainstarted.
AwasgivenBgivingCgivenDtogive
注:
=Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.
2.Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejob.
AfinishedBfinishingCtofinishDwillfinish
注:
=Iwouldn’tdaregohomebecausethejobwasnotfinished.
E.with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.
=Themanfeltveryhappywhenhefoundsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.
练习:
1.Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyonewhereitwas.
AknowingBknowCtoknowD knew
注:
Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas.
2.Withoutanyone,heslippedthroughthewindow.
AnoticingBnoticeCtonoticeDnoticed
注:
Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.
F.with+名词代词+动词不定式
Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo.
=Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo.
练习:
Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinterest.
AtovisitBtovisitCtovisitDtovisit
Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit.
提示:
在withwithout的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但without不能省略。
Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.
(without不能省略)
四、 独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。
在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A.作状语
独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1.表示时间
Nightcomingon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.
(=Whennightcameon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.)
Alltheguestsseated,theybegantheirdinner.
(=Whenalltheguestswereseated,theybegantheirdinner.)
Witheverythingsheneededbought,Gracetookataxihome.
(Aftereverythingsheneededwasbought,Gracetookataxihome.)
2.表示原因
Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.
(=Ashehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.)
Therebeingnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.
(=Astherewasnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.)
3.表示条件
Weatherpermitting,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.
(=Ifweatherpermits,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.)
Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.
(=Aslongasalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.)
Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical. (=Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.)
提示:
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。
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