LeadershipCH3 STYLES.docx
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LeadershipCH3 STYLES.docx
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LeadershipCH3STYLES
Leadership,AuthorityandPower
Leadership
Leadershipisindefinableinanypreciseorcomprehensivemanner.Itisacomplexmixtureofqualitiesandcutsacrossalmostallmoderndisciplinessuchasphilosophy(goalsandtheirmorality),politicalscience(sourcesofauthorityandusesofpower),sociologyandpsychology(influenceandmotivation),etc. Broadlydefined,however,leadership(orleading)isequivalenttomanagement(ormanaging);i.e.gettingone'sgoalsaccomplishedthroughotherpeople.
Bycontrastwithpeoplewhodotechnicalwork(digearth,laybricks,researchinlibraries,teachchildren,fightinwars,etc.),leaders(managers)areuniqueinthattheydon'tactuallydosuchworkbut,toachievetheirgoals,planand"motivate"otherstodoitforthem.WhethertheleaderisadictatorliketheNaziHitlerwantingenemytroopskilledoraranchownerwantingcowsherdedformarket,theessentialdefinitionoftheirleadershipisthattheydonotthemselvesdoitbutratherplanandmotivateotherstodothekillingorherding.Forexample,GM'sCEOdoesnothimselfmakemillionsofcarsbutplansandmotivatestheworkof600,000GMemployeestoachievehisgoals.RomanemperorswantedroadsandviaductsthroughouttheRomanEmpirebut"motivated"otherstodotheactualworkofbuildingthem.Whetherthecircumstancesareanationandworld-shakingorasmallcorporationorfamily,gettingworkandgoalsaccomplishedthroughothersistheessenceofleadershipandmanaging.
Powerand"Motivation"
WhydidmenslavefromdawntilldarktillearlydeathwithlittleornopaybuildingEgyptianpyramidsorRomanroads?
Theywere"motivated"bythepowerofkingsandotherdictators.Althoughtoday'sacademicpsychologistsdefinemotivationincomplexandtechnicalterms,wewillhereusetheterminitsmostbasicmeaning:
Motivatingpeopleisgettingthemtodowhatyouwantthemtodo,i.e.gettingtheircooperation(whethertheylikeitornot).Historically,thetypicalwaytomotivatepeoplehasbeentheuseofpower.
Power,bydefinition,issimplytheabilitytomakeandimplementone'sdecisions,toimposeone'swillonothers.Throughouthistory,rawpowermotivatedmostpeople:
amandidwhatakingorderedorwasquicklyimprisonedorexecuted(powerfulmotivation);thefastestguninapioneerAmericanWesterntownhadthepowertogetanyonetodoanythingheorderedordiebygunshot;anemployerorlandownerhadpowertofiremenfromjobsatwill-andthusruleafamily'sincomeorslowstarvation;lawyersandjudgesusethecourts'powertobankruptindividualsorcorporationsbycourtorder.Poweris,therefore,oneformofleadership,abasic,rawandprimitiveone-buteffectiveinmosthumansituationsthroughouthistory.
Notethatpowerisan"amoral"phenomenonandhasnothingtodowithmorality,ethicsorjustice.Powerisjustpower,exercisedforgoodorevil. Hitlerimposedhispowereffectively,bymeansofarmies,forimmoralatrocitieswhileGeorgeWashingtonusedhispowertocreateafree,democraticAmerica.Powerisjustrawstrength,physical,financialorother,likeDarwiniansurvivalofthefittestinthejunglesandtheanimalkingdom.Physicalforceisthemostbasicandprimitiveformofpower,thestrongmanorgunwithabsolutepoweroveranyoneweakerand"fight"or"flight"theruleofsurvival.But,today,inmodernorganizationspowerisexercisedinmoresubtlevarieties:
money,position,status,technicalknowledge,politicalstrength,loveorpromotionsandthewithholdingofthem,laws,courts,banks,regulatoryagenciesoftheGovernmentsuchastheIRS,SECorFDA.Forexample,intoday'shigh-technologyeconomy,itisoftenthe"knowledge"peoplewiththepowerofknowledge,scientistsorengineerswithcriticalexpertise,whoruledecisionsasignorantandpowerlessexecutivesmerelyfollowtheexperts'lead. Leadershipbyraw,usuallydictatorial,powerhasworkedthroughouthistorybuthasseverelimitationsinmostmodernworkenvironments(asweshallsee).Amostcommonsourceofpowertoday,inmodernorganizations,ispositionalauthority(peoplewithtitlessuchaspresident,CEO,VP,DivisionDirector,BranchManager,etc.),whichiswheretheconceptsofpowerandauthorityintertwine-authorityasamajorsourceofeffectivepower.
Authority:
ItsNatureandSources
Authority,bydefinition,isone'srighttoruleandcommand,perceivedandacceptedbysubordinatesaslegitimate.Suchlegitimacyistheessentialattributeofhumanauthority.Inancienttimesandthroughoutthemiddleages,authoritywasvestedinkingsbybirthright,thelegitimateheirofadeadkingcoronetedastherightfulnewkingoftheland.Inmoderndemocracies,presidentsofnationsareawardedultimateauthority,andthereforepower,bymajorityvoteofthenations'citizens,thistheiracceptanceofthelegitimacyofhisauthority;aCEOorpresidentofacorporationisawardedauthorityanddecisionpowerbyvoteofthecorporation'sstockholders.
But,evenso,authority,likerawpower,isstillperse"amoral."However,totallydependentuponcitizenorvoters'supportforhispower,alegitimatizedauthorityfiguremusttypicallyhonorthemoralorreligiousviewsofthemajorityofcitizensvotinghimintooffice.Thus,authoritygenerallytendstobeusedmorallyandethicallyorelsetheauthorityfigurebecomesoustedfromofficeandpowerless.
Thisconceptofauthorityisbasedonthe"Acceptancetheoryofauthority^'developedbyChesterBernard(andothers)inthe1950sandclearlyestablishesthedistinctionbetweenrawpowerandlegitimateauthority.Thuslegitimateauthorityisbasedonsubordinates'voluntary"acceptance"ofaleaderbyacclamation,majorityvoteorhisrightfulauthoritypositioninanorganizationalsystem(suchaspresidentordivisionmanager,promotionstosuchpositionsearnedbytheorganization'sfairanddue-processprocedures).
Politicalexampleshighlightthedistinctionbetweenpowerandauthority,althoughthedefinitionsandprinciplesinvolvedareequallyvalidinallotherorganizationssuchasarmiesandcorporations.Forexample,adictatorgainscontrolofaSouthAmericannationamidenthusiasticacclaimbythemasses,allacceptinghimasasaviorandsolutiontointolerableeconomictroubles.Thusfar,thedictatorhasbothpower(especiallytheArmy)andauthority.Monthslater,hispromisestothepeopleignored,theyriseupinoppositiontohim,rejecthis"authority,"butbackedbyArmymight,hecontinuestoenforcehispoweroverthepeople.Henowrulesbyrawpowerdespitelossoflegitimateauthority.Typically,too,inashorttime,heisoverthrownbyrebellion,oftenbloody,andanewleader,withnewlegitimatizedauthorityreplaceshim.
Power,withoutauthority,isariskyandusuallyshort-termformofleadership.(Similarly,asweshallsee,authority,withoutinfluence,isusuallyineffective.)
AuthorityinFreeDemocracies
Infreedemocracies,despitetheirinefficienciesofeternaltalk,debatingandvoting,powerissystematicallydependentuponlegitimateauthority(securingmajorityvoteandacceptanceofthepeople).Seldom,andonlyforbriefperiods,canaleaderinafreedemocracycontinuetoholdeffectivepowerwithoutlegitimatizedauthority.Leadersinafreedemocracy,formallyelectedbythepeopleintopositionsofpowersuchaspresidentorcongressmen,maintainpoweronlywiththelegitimateauthorityconferredonthembypeoples'acceptance(withoutit,theyarevotedoutofofficeandstrippedofpower).Infreedemocracieswithdueprocess,authorityitselfbecomesthemainsourceofpower,notphysicalorotherrawforce.AfterAmerica'sDeclarationofIndependence,rejectingthepowerandauthorityofEngland,thenewConstitutiondealtwithlittleelsebesidestheissuesofpowerbasedfirmlyonlegitimateauthority,andpreciserationalprocessesforitsstabilityandproperuse.
Agiantandworld-frightening1990s'exampleofthedistinctionistheSovietUnionwherethehardenedcentralizedauthorityof70years(basedinCommunistfaith)isbeingrejectedbythepeoplesofthe15"sovereign"republicsastheydemandnationalisticautonomy.TheU.S.S.R.mightcontinuetowieldcentralpowerwithitsKGB,armiesandweaponsarsenal(forawhile)butisfastlosingalllegitimateauthority.SuchconflictbetweenpowerandauthorityisusuallyasurehistoricalpathtocivilwarasintheAmerican1860s.
LeadershipbyInfluence
Intoday'sfreeandopenenvironments,whetherpoliticalorcorporate(alongwithpowerfulmediapressures),evenlegitimateauthoritybecomesaweaksourceofpowerinspecificday-todaysituations.
Forexample,acorporateV.P.forResearch&Developmenthaswonhispositionanditsauthoritybutthatbecomesonlyageneralauthority,notnecessarilyeffectiveinmanyspecificandcriticalsituations.Theintrinsicweaknessofhispro-formaauthority,oftenmainlybureaucraticand"on-paper-only,"fallsintotwocategories:
(a)"line"authorityand(b)"staff"authority.
TheR&DVP's"line"authorityishispositional"power"tocommandimmediatesubordinates,engineersandtechnicians,todoprojectsascommanded.But,withoutinfluenceandmotivation,linesubordinatesmayjust"gothroughthemotions"withoutenergyandcreativitygeneratedbyaninspiringandinfluentialleader.
TheVP'sauthorityalong"staff'lines,i.e.withhispeersandhisownbossisnil.Hehasnodirectauthorityandhisonly"power"ispersonalinfluence.
Thusinfluence,bydefinition,istheartofpersonalpersuasion-salesmanship.Itrelieslittle(ornotatall)onrawpowerorauthority-evenwhensuchareavailablebyvirtueoforganizationalpositionorotherformsofpower.
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