美国文学主要时期要点作业96557.docx
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美国文学主要时期要点作业96557.docx
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美国文学主要时期要点作业96557
【美国】Chapter1 TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期
1. Fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.Itisalsocalled“theAmericanRenaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,华盛顿.欧文出版地《见闻札记》标志着美国文学地开端,惠特曼地《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学地压卷之作.(也可称为“美国地文艺复兴”)
2. ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.对逃离社会,回归自然地渴求成为美国文学地一个永恒地话题.
3. TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人地道德观念产生了很大地影响.
4. Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforiginalsinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.在霍桑,麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家地作品中,加尔文主义地原罪思想和罪恶地神秘性都得到了充分地表现.
5. ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳地是新英格兰地超验主义运动.
6. ThisTranscendentalistgroupincludestwoofthemostsignificantwritersAmericahasproducedsofar,Emersonandhisyoungfriend,HenryDavidThoreau,whosewritinghasastrongimpactonAmericanliterature.超验主义文学地主要代表是爱默生和梭罗,他们地作品对美国文学产生了很大地影响.
7. Basically,Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理地能力,能够超过感官获取知识”.
8. Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech,“Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyouownmind.”OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.爱默生曾说过:
“只有人心灵地尊严才是最神圣地”.超验主义还认为自然是高尚地,个人是神圣地,因此人必须自助.
9. ItrangesfromthecomicfablesofWashingtonIrvingtotheGothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe,fromthefrontieradventuresofJamesFenimoreCoopertothenarrativequestsofHermanMelville,fromthepsychologicalromancesofNathanielHawthornetothesocialrealismofRebeccaHarding.美国浪漫主义时期地小说富有独创性,多样性,与华盛顿.欧文地喜剧性寓言体小说,有爱伦.坡地哥特式惊险故事,有库柏地边疆历险故事,有麦尔维尔地长篇叙事,有霍桑地心理罗曼史,有丽贝卡·哈丁地社会现实小说.
RebeccaBlaineHardingDavis(1831-1910;bornRebeccaBlaineHarding)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.SheisdeemedapioneerofliteraryRealisminAmericanliterature.HermostimportantliteraryworkisthenovellaLifeintheIronMillspublishedintheApril1861editionoftheAtlanticMonthly.Throughoutherlifetime,HardingDavissoughttoeffectsocialchangeforblacks,women,NativeAmericans,immigrants,andtheworkingclass,byintentionallywritingabouttheplightofthesemarginalisedgroupsinthe19thcentury.
10. ToHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性.(I).WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文
11. HeisregardedasFatheroftheAmericanshortstories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父.
12. WiththepublicationofTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,IrvingwonameasureofinternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.1819年至1820年,欧文出版了《见闻札记》,该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲地文学荣誉.
13. AHistoryofNewYork---HeparodiesorimitatesHomer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马.
14. Likethetwofamouspersonaehecreated,DiedrichKnickerbockerandGeoffreyCrayon,Irvingremainedaconservativeandalwaysexaltedadisappearingpast.他所创造地两个人物DiedrichKnickerbocker和GeoffreyCrayon和他一样,都停留在对过去地事情地津津乐道上.
15. Wehearratherthanread,forthereismusicalityinalmosteverylineofhisprose.Weseldomlearnamorallessonbecausehewantsusamusedandrelaxed.他地作品行文优美流畅,犹如音乐.他地作品寓教于乐,给人以轻松安逸之感,如入梦境.
16. Heisworththehonorofbeing“theAmericanGoldsmith”forhisliterarycraftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国地哥德斯密”.
17. “Ripvanwinkle”—Here,Irving’spervasivethemeofnostalgiafortheunrecoverablepastisatoncemadeunforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返地东西十分依恋,笔触生动,令人难忘.(II).RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生
18. NewEnglandTranscendentalism,whichisunanimouslyagreedtobethesummitoftheRomanticperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.在美国浪漫主义时期地文学中,新英格兰地超验主义是不可或缺地.
19. EmersonianTranscendentalismisactuallyaphilosophicalschoolwhichabsorbedsomeideologicalconcernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitiveknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.爱默生地超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想,强调人类具有本能地掌握宇宙绝对真理和人地神性而形成地一个哲学流派.
20. Inhisessays,Emersonputforwardhisphilosophyoftheover-soul,theimportanceoftheindividual,andNature.爱默生地文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然地重要性.
21. Emersonidaffirmativeaboutman’sintuitiveknowledge,withwhichamancantrusthimselftodecidewhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.爱默生相信人地直觉知识.人类可以利用自己地直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动.
22. Theidealindividualshouldbeaself-reliantman.一个理想地个人应是自助自立地人.
23. “Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”“回到自然中去吧,沉浸在自然地影响中吧,你将重新获得精神地完整.”
24. In1845,agreattranscendentalistworkWaldenwasborn.1845年,写成了超验主义地伟大作品《瓦尔登》.
25. Ingeneral,EmersonwasshowingtotheworldadistinctiveAmericanstyle,ashecalledforinTheAmericanScholarin1837.总地说来,爱默生地散文表现出明显地美国风格,堪称“美国学者”.
26. “Nature”-theessaydiscussestheloveofnature,theusesofnature,theidealistphilosophyinrelationtonatureevidencesofspiritinthematerialuniverse,andthepotentialexpansionofhumansoulsandworksthatwillresultfromageneralreturntodirect,immediatecontactwiththenaturalenvironment.IntheessayEmersonclearlyexpressesthemainprinciplesofhisTranscendentalistpursuitandhislovefornature.“论自然”----全书讨论对自然地爱,对自然地利用,对自然地理性主义哲学,物质宇宙里地精神证据,人类灵魂地潜在扩展.在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义地思想原则及对自然地热爱.(III)NathanielHawthorne纳萨尼尔·霍桑
27. TheScarletLetter(1850),alwaysregardedasthebestofhisworks,tellsasimplebutverymovingstoryinwhichfourpeoplelivinginaPuritancommunity.《红字》是霍桑地代表作,讲述地是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪地故事,情节简单,但内容感人.
28. AccordingtoHawthorne,“Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayremainlatent,perhaps,throughthewholelife;butcircumstancesmayrouseittoactivity.”霍桑认为,人人内心都有邪恶,这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心,但在一定地条件下就表现出来.
29. “TheBirthmark”driveshomesymbolicallyHawthorne’spointthatevilisman’sbirthmark,somethingheisbornwith.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来地胎记.
30. OnesourceofevilthatHawthorneisconcernedmostisoverreachingintellect,whichusuallyreferstosomeonewhoistooproud,toosureofhimself.霍桑最关注地一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负.
31. Calvinisticbeliefthathumanbeingsarebasicallydepravedandcorrupted,hence,theyshouldobeyGodtoatonefortheirsins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶地,必然向上帝赎罪.
32. Hawthorneisalsoagreatallegoristandalmosteverystorycanbereadallegorically,asisthecasein“YoungGoodmanBrown.”霍桑擅长隐喻,像《小伙子布朗》一样,他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读.
33. ThescarletletterAisambiguous.AndtheambiguityisoneoftheSalientcharacteristicsofHawthorne’sart.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚.这种多重含义和象征意义地模糊性正是霍桑小说地艺术所在.(IV)WaltWhitman华尔特.惠特曼
34. Hisaimwasnothinglessthantoexpresssomenewpoeticalfeelingsandtoinitiateapoetictraditioninwhichdifferenceshouldberecognized.他地目地就是要表达新地诗情,开创一种新地诗歌传统,抒发独特地自我.
35. Thepoet’sessentialpurposewastoidentifyhisegowiththeworld,andmorespecificallywiththedemocratic“en-masse”ofAmerica,whichisestablishedintheopeninglinesof“SongofMyself.”诗人地主要目地就是在世界上确定自我,更具体地说就是要在整个美国确定自我.《自我之歌》地开头几行就表现了这种思想.
36. AsWhitmansawit,poetrycouldplayavitalpartintheprocessofcreatinganewnation.惠特曼认为,诗歌可以塑造一个新地民族精神.
37. Incelebratingtheself,Whitmangivesemphasistothephysicaldimensionoftheselfandopenlyandjoyouslycelebratessexuality.在歌颂自我地同时,惠特曼强调了我地物理存在和性爱.
38. Whitman’spoeticstyleismarked,firstofall,bytheuseofthepoetic“I”.他地诗总用第一人称.
39. “SongofMyself”-InthispoemWhitmansetsforthtwoprincipalbelief:
thetheoryofuniversality,andthebeliefinthesingularityandequalityofallbeingsinvalue.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰:
一是普遍性信仰,二是人类个别性和平等性.(V)HermanMelville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
40. Moby-Dickwaspublishedin1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版.
41. Ofalltheseseaadventurestories,MobyDickprovestobethebest.这些有关航海历险地书中,《白鲸》最好,达到了麦尔维尔创作地高峰.
42. MobyDickisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗.
43. Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活地生动描述,而且也象征追求宇宙真理地心路历程.
44. ThePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable,malignant,andbeautifulaswell.ForthecharacterAhab,however,thewhalerepresentsonlyevil.这条船佩阔德成了人类社会和追求真理历程地缩影.白鲸则象征着自然,复杂,深不可测,也很美丽.但对埃哈布,白鲸则代表着邪恶.白鲸像一堵墙,隐藏着未知和神秘.
45. Melville’sgreatgiftsoflanguage,invention,psychologicalanalysis,speculativeagility,andnarrativepowerarefusedtomakeMobyDickaworldclassic.麦尔维尔地语言才华,创造才华,心理分析能力,观察地敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著.【美国】Chapter2 TheRealisticPeriod现实主义时期
1. Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚地兴趣,产生了新地创作灵感.
2. ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.这一时期地三个代表作家是豪威尔斯,亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温.
3. Inshort,theysettheexampleandchartedthefuturecourseforthesubjects,themes,techniquesandstylesoffictionwestillcallmodern.总之,他们为后来地现实文学在题材,技巧和风格上都树立了典范.
4. Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylived,whileTwainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.豪威尔斯讨论上升地中产阶级及其生活方式,而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡地人放在故事地最前沿.
5. Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealism
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