大学英语四级分类模拟题372.docx
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大学英语四级分类模拟题372.docx
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大学英语四级分类模拟题372
大学英语四级分类模拟题372
ReadingComprehension
SectionA
Asifyouneededanotherreasontohateyouralarmclock.Anewstudysuggeststhat,bydisrupting(扰乱)yourbody's 1 rhythms,yourbuzzing,blaringfriendcouldbemakingyouoverweight.
Thestudyconcernsaphenomenoncalled"socialjetlag(社交时差)".That'sthe 2 towhichournaturalsleeppatternsarenotconsistentwithourschoolorworkschedules.Taketheweekends:
manyofuswakeuphourslaterthanwedoduringtheweek,onlyto 3 ourearlyschedulescomingMondaymorning.It'senoughtomakeyourbodyfeellikeit's 4 theweekendinonetimezoneandtheweekinanother.
Butissocialjetlag 5 badforyourhealth?
Toinvestigate,TillRoennebergandhiscolleaguescollecteddatafromtensofthousandsof 6 toanInternetsurveyonsleeppatternsandotherbehaviors.Someclueshavebeenyieldedfrom 7 workwithsuchdata."Wehaveshownthatifyouliveagainstyourbodyclock,you'remorelikelytosmoke,todrinkalcohol,anddrinkfarmorecoffee,"saysRoenneberg.
Inthenewstudy,theteammeasuredthesocialjetlagofpeopleaged16to65by 8 thedifferencesbetweensleeptimesonworkdaysandnon-workdays.Theythenconstructedamathematicalmodelthatgauged(衡量)howwell 9 factors,suchasage,gender,sleepduration,andsocialjetlagcouldpredictbodyweight.Theyfoundthatthefirstthreefactorswereimportant 10 ofbodyweightforallpeople.Inaddition,forpeoplewhoarealreadyontheheavyside,greatersocialjetlagcorrespondedtogreaterbodyweight.
A.actually F.extent K.previous
B.advocating G.finally L.responses
C.biological H.issues M.resume
D.calculating I.normal N.spending
E.distant J.predictors O.survey
SectionB
Google'sGoogleProblem
A.GoogleiskillingGoogleReader.UseofGoogleReader,atool,bytheway,forreadingonlinecontentviaRSSwasconcentratedamongasmallgroupofrelativelyintenseusers.Asithappens,thatsmallgroupincludesquitealotofpeoplewhowritefororaspartoftheirliving.AndsoGoogleReaderhasbeenmournedover,angrilyattimes,abitmorethanthemanyotherGoogleservicesthathavecomeandgone.
B.Itisn'tthathardtoimaginewhatGooglewasthinkingwhenitmadethisdecision.It'sabigcompany,butevenbigcompanieshavefiniteresources,anddevotingthosepreciousresourcestosomethingthatisn'tmakingmoneyandisn'tjudgedtohavemuchinthewayofdevelopmentpotentialisnotanattractiveoption.DroppingReaderisn'tgoingtohurtthecompany'sbusiness.
C.Yetthislittlecontretemps(令人尴尬的事)maysuggestbiggertroubleaheadforGoogleandbigchangesfortheInternet.Oneimmediateeffectisrelativelyeasytoanticipate.JohnHemptonmakesanicepointhere:
Googleisintheprocessofabandoningitsmission.Google'sstatedmissionistoorganizealltheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful.Googlenolongercares.Itseemswhattheycareaboutismass-markets.
D.Googlehasaskedustobuildourlivesaroundit:
touseitse-mailsystem,itssearchengines,itsmaps,itscalendars,itscloud-basedappsandstorageservices,itsvideo-andphoto-hostingservices,andonandonandon.Googlewantsustouseitsservicesinwaysthatprovideitwithinterestingandvaluableinformation,andeyeballs.IfaparticularGoogleexperimentisn'tcuttingitinthatcategory,thenGooglemayfeeljustifiedinaxingit.
E.ButthatmakesitincreasinglydifficultforGoogletohavesuccesswithnewservices.Whycommittousingandcomingtorelyonsomethingnewifitmightbepulledawayatsomefuturedate?
Thisisespeciallyproblematicfor"social"appsthatrelyonnetworkeffects.Evenabadsocialservicemaythriveifitobtainsacriticalmass.Yankingawayservicesbelovedbyearlyadoptersalmostguaranteesthatcriticalmassescan'tbeobtained:
not,atanyrate,withouttheprovisionofanincentiveorcommitmentmechanismtoprotectthewould-beusersfromtheriskoflosingavitalservice.
F.Theremaybebiggerimplicationsstill,however.AsIsaid,Googlehasaskedustobuildourlivesaroundit,andwehaveresponded.Thisresponseentails(需要)apowerfulself-reinforcementmechanism:
BothprovidersandusersofinformationandotherserviceschangetheirbehaviorasaresultoftheavailabilityofaGoogleproduct.YoucanseethisonasmallscalewithReader.Peopledesigntheirwebsitesandcontentbasedontheassumptionthatothers,viaanRSSreader,willcomeacrossandreadthatcontentinacertainway.Andreadersstructuretheirreadinghabits,andultimatelytheirmentalmodelsofwhatinformationisavailableandwhere,basedontheexistenceofthistool.Ifyouthenpullawaytheproductattheheartofthatsystem,youendupcausingsignificantdisruption(混乱),assumingtherearen'tgoodalternativesavailable.
G.Theissuebecomesabitmoreobviouswhenyouthinkaboutsomethinglikesearch.ManyofusnowoperateundertheassumptionthatifwewanttofindsomethingwewillbeabletodosoquicklyandeasilyviaGooglesearch.IfIwantanideaforauniquegiftforsomeone,IcanputinrelatedsearchtermsandfeelprettyconfidentthatI'llgetbackstorewebsitesandblogsandPinterestpagesandnewspaperstoriesandpicturesallprovidingpossiblematches.
H.IfI'maresearcher,Iknow1canquicklyfindrelevantacademicpapers,data,newspaperaccounts,expertanalysis,andwhoknowswhatelserelatedtoanenormousrangeoftopics.Onceweallbecomecomfortablewiththatstateofaffairswequicklybeginoptimizing(优化)thephysicalanddigitalresourcesaroundus.Andonceweallbecomecomfortablewiththat,webeginrearrangingourmentalarchitecture.Westopmemorisingkeydatapointsandstartlearninghowtoasktherightquestions.Webegintothinkdifferently.Westopkeepingamentalmodelofthephysicalgeographyoftheworldaroundus,becausewhybother?
Wecancallupanincrediblydetailedandaccuratemapoftheworld,completewithsatelliteandstreet-levelimages,wheneverwewant.Thebottomlineisthatthemoreweallparticipateinthisworld,themorewecometodependonit.
I.WhatGooglehasactuallydoneiscreateapowerfulinfrastructure(基础设).Theshapeofthatinfrastructureinfluenceseverythingthatgoesonline.Anditinfluencestheallocationofmentalresourcesofeveryonewhointeractswiththeonlineworld.Butthereisn'tmuchtotherealhumanworldthatisn'tshapedbythementalactivityofthepeopleinit!
That'salotofpowertoputinthehandsofacompanythatnowseemsinterested,mostly,inidentifyingcoremass-marketservicesitcanusetomaximizeitsreturnoninvestment.Nowintheshortrun,thatmaymostlybeaproblemforallofus.Totheextentthatwebecomeworriedaboutthisphenomenon,wemaygooutandfindback-upservicesorotheralternatives.Thiswillbelessconvenientandmorecostly,intermsoftimeandmoney,butthosesufficientlyforesighted(预见的)mightfeelit'sabetteroptionthanopeningupgmailoneclaytoreadthatthee-mailservice,andthe10-year'sworthofcommunicationitholds,willsoonbegone.
J.Butinthelongrunthat'saproblemforGoogle.Becausewetendnottoentrust(委托)thissortofcriticalpublicinfrastructuretotheprivatesector.Networkexternalitiesareallfineandgoodtoignoresolongastheymainlyapplytothesharingofnewsandpicturesfromaweekendtripwithcollegefriends.Oncetheyconcernlargeamountofeconomicoutputandthecognitiveactivityofmillionsofpeople,itisdifficulttokeepthegovernmentout.MaybethatobstaclewillbesufficienttokeepGoogleprovidingitsmostheavilyusedproducts.Butmaybenot.
K.Ifindmyselfthinkingagainofthebravenewworldoftheindustrialcity.whennewpatternsofinteractionledtoenormouschangesineconomicactivity,incultureandpersonalbehavior,andinthewaywethink.Weupgradedourselves,intermsofeducationandsocialnorms,tomaximizethereturntourbanlife.Ithinkwe,meaningusersofthewebandthecompaniesthatprovideitsbloodandbones,arconlybeginningtodealwiththeimplicationsofaworldawash(充斥的)ininformation.
11、Oncewebecomecomfortablewithoptimizingthephysicalanddigitalresourcesaroundus,wewillstartrearrangingourmentalarchitecture.
12、Abadsocialservicemaybecomesuccessfulprovidedthatitgetsacriticalmass.
13、Inthelongterm,peoplearenotinclinedtoputcriticalpublicinfrastructureintothehandsoftheprivatesectorlikeGoogle.
14、GoogledecidedtoshutclownGoogleReaderbecauseitwasnotprofitableorpromising.
15、EverythingontheInternetcanbeinfluencedbythepowerfulinfrastructurecreatedbyGoogle.
16、TheavailabilityofaGoogleproductchangesthebehavioroftheprovidersandusersofinformationandotherservices.
17、AccordingtoJohnHempton,nowGoogleseemstobemoreconcernedwithmass-marketsthanitsstatedmission.
18、Nowadays,manyofusassumethatifwewouldliketosearchforsomethingquicklyandeasily,wecanGoogleit.
19、Thebigchangesineconomicactivity,culture,individualbehaviorandthinkingmoderesultedfromnewpatternsofinteraction.
20、Ifaservicecannotofferinterestingandvaluableinformationandeyeballs,Googlewillthinkitrighttocloseitdown.
SectionC
PassageOne
Ifyouaretryingtodoyourbitforsustainabilityandsavcwaterbytakingshortersho
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