自然主义和德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》精品.docx
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自然主义和德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》精品.docx
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自然主义和德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》精品
本科生毕业论文
NaturalismandDreiser’s
SisterCarrie
自然主义和德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》
院系:
外国语系
专业:
英语
学生姓名:
学号:
指导教师:
2008年6月
Contents
ContentsI
AcknowledgementsII
AbstractIII
摘要IV
1Introduction1
2TheRiseofNaturalism…………………………………………………………….2
2.1TheAppearanceofNaturalism……………………………………………………….…2
2.2TheInfluenceofDarwin’sTheoryofEvolution………………………………………...3
3NaturalisminSisterCarrie………………………………………………………..5
3.1ABriefIntroductiontoSisterCarrie………………………………………………...……5
3.2ThepositionofSisterCarrieinAmericanLiterature……………………………………..7
3.3TheInfluenceofNaturalismonSisterCarrie’sFate……………………………….….….9
3.4Hurstwood’sDeath—AFullDisplayofNaturalism………………………………….….13
4"SurvivaloftheFittest"inOurSociety---On2006"Supergirls"HaoFeier.165Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...18
References…………………………………………………………………………19
.
Acknowledgements
Iwouldliketothankallthosewhohavegivenmetheirgeneroushelps,commitmentandenthusiasm,whichhavebeenthemajordrivenforcetocompletethepaper.
First,IwouldliketothankmysupervisorMr.Zhouforhisconstantencouragementandguidance.Hehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthesis.Withouthisconstantandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second,mythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.
Abstract
UndertheinfluenceofDarwin’stheoryofevolution,AmericanliterarynaturalismemergedasanoutgrowthofAmericanrealism.Inliterature,naturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremetruthandfrankness,bypresentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasses.Thenaturalistsbelievedthatthehumananimalrespondedtoenvironmentalforceslikeanyotheranimals.Theaimwassurvival.Duetohisstronglanguageandwritingstyle,DreiserbecameoneAmericanwriterwhonoticeablypracticednaturalism.Dreiser’snovel,SisterCarrie,broughtatremendousimpacttothesocietyofthatperiod,whichmadeitarepresentativeofnaturalism.Inthispaper,theauthorfirstlytalkedabouttheriseofnaturalism,andthengaveabriefintroductionofthespecialstatusofSisterCarrieintheAmericanliterature.InSisterCarrie,Dreiserdramatizedtwoimages.OnewasCarrie,afiguredrivenbydesireandinstinct:
theotherwasHurstwood,afigureoftragedy.Fromthetwoimages,wecouldseethelaw“survivalofthefittest”wasatitsfulldisplay.Basedon“SisterCarrie”,thisessaywouldhaveananalysisandappreciationofnaturalismandthedifferentfatesofthetwomaincharacters.Thepurposeofthispaperwastoacquireadeeperideaofnaturalism.
Keywords:
naturalism;desire;determinism
自然主义和德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》
摘要
在达尔文的进化论影响下,作为现实主义的延续,美国文学出现了自然主义。
在文学领域,通过展现社会和经济层次较低的人物,自然主义者致力于达到绝对真实和诚实。
自然主义者相信人类对环境压力的反应和其他动物一样,目标只是生存。
由于他的强有力的语言和写作风格,德莱塞成为了一位展示自然主义的美国作家。
德莱塞的小说《嘉莉妹妹》给那个时代的美国社会带来了巨大冲击,它成了美国自然主义的代表作品。
本文中作者首先谈论了自然主义的产生,然后简单介绍了《嘉莉妹妹》在美国文学史上的特殊地位,在《嘉莉妹妹》中,德莱塞刻画了两个人物形象,一个是嘉莉,受着本能和欲望的驱使,另一个是郝思伍德,一个悲剧形象。
通过这两个角色,我们可以看到适者生存法则得到了完美体现。
本文以《嘉莉妹妹》为范本解读自然主义以及小说中两个主人公的不同命运,以此我们来更深刻的领悟自然主义。
关键词:
自然主义;欲望;决定论
1Introduction
Withthedevelopmentofindustryandmodernscience,andundertheinfluenceofthedisturbingteachingofDarwinism,somepeoplebegantoseethatmanwasnolongerafreeethicalbeinginacoldandindifferentworld.Americannaturalismemergedinthe1980sasanoutgrowthofrealism.Itwasdefinedasthetechniqueofportrayingascientificallyaccurate,detachedpictureoflife,includingeverything.Thenaturalistssawman’slifeasgovernedbytwoforcesofheredityandenvironmentthatwerebeyondman’scontrol.Manwastotallyhelplessandhopelessinthevastuniverse.“Naturalisticwritersattemptedtoachieveobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhowerepredeterminedbiologicallyandsociologically.Naturalisticliteraturetendedtobeconcernedwiththelesselegantaspectsoflifeanditstypicalsettingswerethefilthyslum,thesweatshop,thefactoryorthefarm.”(YangXiaofeng,2006:
203)TheodoreDreiserwasoneofthemostimportantandinfluentialnaturalisticwritersinAmericanliterature.SisterCarrie,amilestoneinDreiser’swritings,wasarepresentativeofnaturalism.
InSisterCarrie,Dreiserdramatizedtwoimages.OnewasCarrie,afiguredrivenbydesireandinstinct:
theotherwasHurstwood,afigureoftragedy.Thisessaywouldhaveananalysisandappreciationofnaturalismandthedifferentfatesofthetwomaincharacters.Theauthorhopedthatthroughthispaper,wecouldacquireadeeperideaofnaturalism.
2TheRiseofNaturalism
2.1TheAppearanceofNaturalism
AttheendoftheCivilWar,bigbusinessboomedandtherewasnowapreoccupationwith"conspicuousconsumption".Capitalismroaredandconsumersbegantoseeeachotherforwhattheythoughttheyreallywere:
money.Therecameagenerationofwriterswhoseideasoftheworkingoftheuniverseandwhoseperceptionofthesociety'sdisorderledthemtonaturalism.UndertheinfluenceofEuropeanwriterssuchasEmileZola,ThomasHardyandGeorgeEliot,Americanliterarynaturalismemergedinthe1890sasanoutgrowthofAmericanrealism.
Theoriginoftheuniverseandallthingscontainedtherebynaturalprocessesiswidelyacceptedandproclaimed.Manytonaturalprocessesattributethedevelopmentofthefirstlivingorganismsandtheirdiversificationintoalltheplantsandanimalsnowextant.Themostwidelyacceptedexplanationisusuallycalledthetheoryofevolution,oftentaughtasalawofnaturebasedonestablishedfact.Toquestionitsvalidityintheintellectualworldisvirtualheresy.Anewandharsherrealism,naturalismwasintroducedtotheUnitedStates.Americannaturalistsemphasizedthatworldwasamoralthatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thatreligious"truths"wereillusory,andthatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.ThepessimismanddeterministicideasofnaturalismpervadedthenovelsofsuchwritersasStephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.Naturalisminliteratureisamoralandspiritualabsolutezero,conceivablebutunattainable,andtheterm"naturalistic"whenappliedtoabookoranauthormustbeableonlyinarelativelysense.
Inliterature,naturalistsspokeoutagainsttheideasthatliteratureshouldpresentwhatHowellscalledforthe"smilingaspectsoflife".Instead,theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfranknesspresentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentorheredityindepictingtheextremesoflife.
Innaturalistfiction,thecharacterswereoftenthelowestinthesocialstratum.Itwasbelievedthatpeopleintheunder-classeshadnobuffetofcivilizationbetweenthemselvesandnature.Thenaturaliststorieswereoftenabouttheserenderedhelplessbyuncontrollableforces.Themoodwasinvariablydarkandpessimistic.Furthermore,violenceinnaturalistfictionwasexplicitandsexbrokethroughthetaboosanddecorumthatboundrealists.
2.2TheInfluenceofDarwin’sTheoryofEvolution
Darwinismseemstostresstheanimalistofman,tosuggestthattheirresistibleforcesofevolutiondominatedhim.TheDarwinistbeliefthathumansarehighlyevolvedanimalsbecomesarefutationofthereligious(Christiancreation)viewthathumansexistbelowangels.Therefore,thehumananimalrespondstoenvironmentalforceslikeanyotheranimals.Theaimissurvival.
Theexistenceofahumanpersonislimitedbywhereandwhenheorsheisbornandthesocialeconomicforcesheorshehastowrestlewith.Onlythefittestsurvivalsinthelifecanliveinthissociety.Becausefreedomofwilldosenotexist,ethicalchoicesareillusory.Naturalismthuseliminatestheethicalproblemthatliesattheheartoftherealistnovel.Sincehumanbehaviorisdetermined,itcannotbejudgedintermsofrightorwrong,goodorbad.
AsDreiserenteredtheliterarysceneintheearly1900s,aconventionalstyleofwritinghadalreadybeensetintotradition.Thefunctionofliteraturewastoappealtoman’shighernature,toinspirehimthroughthedepictionofman’scapacitytoachievetheethicallifetoseeksuchalifeforhim.Materialismandcapitalisminaboomingeconomy,conventionalstandardsofmenandwomen’sroles,andthedenialoftheAmericanpublicinresponsetothenovelallprovethatSisterCarriewasaheadofitstimeinportrayingtheauthenticandpessimisticviewofrealexistence.
3NaturalisminSisterCarrie
3.1ABriefIntroductiontoSisterCarrie
WhenCarrielefthertowninWisconsin,shehadnothingbutafewdollarsandacertainunspoiledbeautyandcharm.Young,inexperienced,shewasgoingtoChicagotolivewithhersisterandtofindwork.Whileonthetrain,shemetCharlesDrouet,agenial,flashytravelingsalesman.Beforethetrainpulledintothestation,theyhadexchangedstresses,andDrouetpromisedtocallonCarrieatthesister’shouse.
Whenshearrivedathersister’shome,Carriediscoveredthatherlifetherewouldbefarfromthehappy,carefreeexistenceofwhichshehaddreamed.
ThenCarriewentjob-huntingandfinallyfoundworkinasmallshoefactory.Ofherfirstwages,allbutfiftycentswenttohersister.Thenshefellillandlostherjob.Onceagainshehadtolookforwork.Dayafterdayshetrudgedthestreets,withoutsuccess.It
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