FocalPointofInterculturalcommunicationforEnglishasaSecondLanguage.docx
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FocalPointofInterculturalcommunicationforEnglishasaSecondLanguage.docx
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FocalPointofInterculturalcommunicationforEnglishasaSecondLanguage
Focal_Point_for_InterculturalcommunicationforEnglishasaSecondLanguage
Textbook:
BeyondLanguage.Levine,DeenaR.1982
Contents
1.Introductions
2.VerbalPatterns
3.NonverbalCommunication
4.PersonalRelationships
5.FamilyValues
6.EducationalAttitudes
7.WorkValues
8.TimeandSpacePatterns
9.CulturalConflict
10.CulturalAdjustment
“…toknowanother’slanguageandnothiscultureisaverygoodwaytomakeafluentfoolofone’sself.”
1.Introductions
Averyinformalintroductiondoesnotusetitlesorlastnames.
Oftenwhenthereisadifferenceinstatusoragebetweentwoindividuals,formaltitlesandlastnamesareusedunlessthepersonoflowerstatusistoldtousethefirstname.
DirecteyecontactandfirmhandshakesduringintroductionsarecustomaryintheUnitedStates.Inintroductionsaswellasingeneralconversations,speakersmaintainfrequenteyecontact.
Immediatelyafterintroductionsaremade,thereisusuallyaperiodoftimeinwhichimpersonalortrivialsubjectsarediscussed.Thistypeofconversations,called“smalltalk,”isimportantbecauseitoftenhelpstomaintainconversationsanditcanleadintointerestingdiscussions.
Inanintroductorymeeting,maintainingaconversationiseasierwhentwopeoplefindthattheyhavesomethingincommon.
Stylesofintroductions,includinginitialconversationsandnonverbalrituals,varyamongindividualsandsituations.
Despitetheculturalvariations,thepurposeofallintroductionsisalwaysthesame-toprovideanopportunityforpeopletogettoknoweachother.
2.VerbalPatterns
Inlanguagetherearetacitrulesofspeakingthat,unlikerulesofgrammarorspelling,arenotusuallystudiedinaformalmanner.Theseunspoken“rules”existineverylanguagebutdiffersignificantlyfromculturetoculture.Acquiringasecondlanguagedemandsmorethanlearningnewwordsandanothersystemofgrammar.Itinvolvesdevelopingsensitivitytoaspectsoflanguagethatareusuallynottaughtinlanguagetextbook.
Comparedwithotherlanguage,AmericanEnglishstronglyemphasizesdirectnessinverbalinteraction.
Ofcourse,therearelimitstothedegreeofdirectnessapersonisallowedtoexpress,especiallywithpeopleofhigherstatussuchasteachersandemployers.
MostAmericansdonotlikebeingtoldthattheyarefat.
AfrequentlymisunderstoodareainAmericanverbalinteractionisthatofextending,accepting,andrefusinginvitations.
Manyrulesgoverningspeechpatternsarelearnedinchildhoodandpeoplegrowupthinkingthateveryonehasthesamerulesforspeaking.Peopleunconsciouslyexpectotherstousethesamemodesofexpressionastheydo.
3.NonverbalCommunication
Languagestudiestraditionallyhaveemphasizedverbalandwrittenlanguage,butrecentlyhavebeguntoconsidercommunicationthattakesplacewithoutwords.Insometypesofcommunicationpeopleexpressmorenonverballythanverbally.
Nonverbalcommunicationexpressesmeaningorfeelingwithoutwords.Universalemotions,suchashappiness,fear,andsadness,areexpressedinasimilarnonverbalwaythroughouttheword.Thereare,however,nonverbaldifferencesacrossculturesthatmaybeasourceofconfusionforforeigners.
Whatisacceptableinoneculturemaybecompletelyunacceptableinanother.
Weareoftennotawareofhowgestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,andtheuseofspaceaffectcommunication.Inordertocorrectlyinterpretanotherculture’sstyleofcommunication,itisnecessarytostudythe“silentlanguage”ofthatculture.
Gesturesrefertospecificbodymovementsthatcarrymeaning.
Aschildrenweimitateandlearnnonverbalmovementsandoftenusethemtoaccompanyorreplacewords.
Notallgesturesareuniversal.
Facialexpressionscarrymeaningdeterminedbycontextsandrelationships.
Thefactthatmembersofoneculturedonotexpresstheiremotionsasopenlyasmembersofanotherdoesnotmeantheydonotexperienceemotions.
Eyecontactisimportantinrelationshipsbecauseitservestoshowintimacy,attention,andinfluence.Aswithfacialexpressions,therearenospecificrulesgoverningeyebehaviorexpectthatitisconsideredrudetostare,especiallyatstrangers.
Inaconversationtoolittleeyecontactmaybeseennegativelybecauseitconveyslackofinterest,inattention,orevenmistrust.
Unconsciously,weallcarrywithuswhathavebeencalled“bodybubbles.”Thesebubblesarelikeinvisiblewallswhichdefineourpersonalspace.
Theamountofspacechangesdependingontheinterpersonalrelationship.
Personalityalsodeterminesthesizeofthisspace.Introvertsoftenprefertointeractwithothersatagreaterdistancethanextroverts.
ForAmericans,distanceinsocialconversationisaboutanarm’slengthtofourfeet.LessspaceintheAmericanculturemaybeassociatedwithgreaterintimacyoraggressivebehavior.
Culturedoesnotalwaysdeterminethemessagesthatourbodymovementsconvey.Contexts,personalities,andrelationshipsalsoinfluencethem.However,likeverballanguage,nonverbalcommunicationcannotbecompletelyseparatedfromculture.
TheAnglo-Americanmalerarelytouchesorembracesothermales.DistanceisusuallygreaterbetweenmenintheAnglo-AmericanculturethanbetweenmenintheMexican-Americanculture.
Duringthe“farewell”stageofaconversationAmericanswilloftenmovegraduallyawayfromeachotheranddecreaseeyecontact.This,ofcourse,isnotarulebutitdoeshappen.
4.PersonalRelationships
ItiscommonforAmericanstohavedifferent“circlesoffriends”suchaschurchfriends,workfriends,orsportsfriends.Apersonmaychoosenottoinvolvemembersofdifferentcirclesinthesameactivity.
“Bestfriends”areusuallytwopeopleofthesamesexwhohaveknowneachotherforalongperiodoftime.Peopleusuallyhavemorecasualfriendsthancloseorbestfriends.
Americansaregeographicallymobileandlearntodevelopfriendshipseasilyandquickly.
Relationshipsbasedonacommonactivitymayfadeorendwhentheactivityends.
Enduringfriendshipsdevelopwhenindividualshavesimilarinterestsandacommonoutlookonlife.
Itiseasytobemisledbyinstantfriendshipswhichmayappeartobedeepandpersonalbutarereallysuperficial.Characterizinginstantfriendshipsistheappearanceoftwopeoplebecomingclosebut,inreality,thereisnostrongbondbetweenthem.
IntheUnitedStatesmenandwomensocializerelativelyfreelyanddevelopavarietyofrelationships.Singlepeopleofoppositesexesmaybeclosefriendsandsharepersonalproblemswitheachotherwithoutbeingromanticallyinvolved.Therearenofixedrulesforromanticorintimaterelationshipsbuttherearerestraints.
Ingeneral,itisadvisabletoapproachAmericansfirstinordertoinitiatefriendships.
5.FamilyValues
Acculturation,whichbeginsatbirth,istheprocessofteachingnewgenerationsofchildrenthecustomsandvaluesoftheparents’culture.
IntheUnitedStatesitisnotuncommonforparentstoputanewborninaseparateroomthatbelongsonlytothechildtogetusedtohavinghisorherownroom,whichisseenasafirststeptowardpersonalindependence.Americanstraditionallyhaveheldindependenceandaclosely-relatedvalue,individualism,inhighesteem.
Manychildrenaretaughtataveryearlyagetomakedecisionsandberesponsiblefortheiractions.Oftenchildrenworkformoneyoutsidethehomeasafirststeptoestablishingautonomy.
Uponreachinganappropriateage(usuallybetween18and21years),childrenareencouraged,butnotforced,to“leavethenest”andbeginanindependentlife.
Parentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren,nordochildrenusuallyaskpermissionoftheirparentstogetmarried.RomanticloveismostoftenthebasisformarriageintheUnitedStates.
Societalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyalsoreflectsthisindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.
IntheUnitedStatestheunclearfamily,whichconsistsofthefather,themother,andthechildren,isconsidered“thefamily.”Theextendedfamily,commoninothercultures,includesgrandparents,aunts,uncles,cousins,nephews,nieces,andin-laws.
Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymembers,tohaveintensivecontactwithrelatives,andtoestablishcommunalhousing.
TheAmericanunclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsidered“family”butareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.
Inbothnuclearandextendedfamilies,thecultureimposessetrolesuponparents.Traditionallythemalehasbeenresponsibleforfinancialsupportofthehomeandfamilymembers.Thefemalehasoftenbeenresponsibleforemotionalsupport,childraising,andhousekeeping.However,theprescribedroleofthemanas“breadwinner”andthewomanashousewifeischanging.
Itisalmostimpossibletodescribea“typicalAmericanfamily”becausetheUnitedStatesissuchaheterogeneouscountry.
Termsusedtoaddressmembersofthefamily:
NuclearFamily:
Parents:
Folks
Father:
Dad,Daddy,Pa,Papa
Mother:
Mom,Mommy,Ma,Mamma
Children:
Kids
ExtendedFamily:
Grandparents:
Grandmother,Grandma,
Grandfather,Grandpa
Uncle:
firstnameorUncle+firstname
Aunt:
firstnameorAunt+firstname,Auntie
Cousins,nephews,nieces:
firstnamesused
Othertermsforfamilymembers(nottermsofad
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