外文文献翻译智能家居Word文件下载.docx
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外文文献翻译智能家居Word文件下载.docx
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柯尔斯顿•格拉姆汉森,莎拉•达比
期刊:
能源研究与社会科学,卷:
37,页码:
94-101
年份:
2018
字数:
译文5636字
原文
"
Homeiswherethesmartis"
?
Evaluatingsmarthomeresearchand
approachesagainsttheconceptofhome
KirstenGramHanssen
SarahDarbyAbstract
Thisarticledevelopsconceptsofwhatthehomeisandreflectsonsmarthometechnologyandtheresearchliteratureonsmarthomesinrelationtotheseconcepts.Thefocusisontheaspectsofsmarthometechnologiesrelatedtoenergymanagementwithinthehome(end-uses)andatnetworkorgridlevel(system).Fouraspectsofahomearedistinguished:
aplaceforsecurityandcontrol,foractivity,forrelationshipsandcontinuity,andforidentityandvalues.Theseaspectsofhomeareusedtodiscussapproachesto,andideasof,thesmarthome,asreflectedintheresearchliterature.Itisshownthattechnicaland'
prospective5researchliteraturefocusesonaspectsofsecurityandcontrolinthehomeaswellasonactivities,whereasresearchpapersthataremoreconceptualandevaluativearemorelikelytoincludequestionsofrelations,valuesandidentities.Thepaperconcludesthatabroaderunderstandingofthehomeinallaspectsisneededwhenconductingresearchintosmarthomes.Thiscanbevaluablewhenevaluatinghowsmarthometechnologiesworkinrealhomes,aswellasinthemoretechnicalandprospectiveapproachestodevelopingnewsocio-technicalconfigurations.
Keywords:
Smartenergy,DIY,Meaningofhome,Energymanagement
1. Introduction:
energyconsumption,homesandsmarthomes
Giventheextensiveresearchliteratureonenergyinhousing,itisstrikinghowlittlethereisonthehome.Eventhoughrecentsocio-technicalstudieswithinenergystarttoincludenotionsofwhatthehomemeanstopeoplethereisstillroomforexpandingthisarea.Theconceptofhomeislargelyabsentfromthethousandsofpapersinwhichbuildingfunctionsareanalyzedandmodeledandthe'
behaviors'
ofoccupantsaredissectedanddiscussed.However,insociology,geography,anthropologyandarchitecture,thereisalongertraditionforworkingonideas,conceptsandpracticesofhome.Herewelearnthatahouse(thatis,abuilding)andahomearetwofundamentallydifferentthings;
andthattherearediscussionsonhowpeopleappropriatehousesandthusturnthemintohomes,anddiscussionsonwhetherhomeshouldbethoughtofasaplace,afeelingorapractice.
Ontheotherhand,wealsohavewithintheenergyrelatedliteratureagrowinginterestinwhether,andifsohow,'
smarthomesinsmartgrids'
mightbepartofamoresustainablefuture.Thereisnofixeddefinitionofasmarthome,butanunderstandingthatsmarthomesincorporatedigitalsensingandcommunicationdevices.Crucially,thesedevicescommunicatewitheachotherseamlesslyinthesmarthomeideal,inordertoprovideoneormoreofthefollowingservices:
moresophisticatedcontrolofenergy(theprimaryinterestinthispaper);
greatersecurityagainstbreak-ins;
innovationsinhomeentertainmentandambience;
healthmonitoringandindependent/assistedlivingarrangements.
TherearemanygreatexpectationstohowthesenetworkedtechnologieswilltransformourhomesandeverydaylifebuttheyoftenseemfarfromrealityAstheEconomistmagazinecommented"
Thefanfarehasgoneonforyears(...)Butsofarconsumershavebeenlargelyresistanttomakingtheirhomes'
smart'
.TheEconomistusedtheexampleofGooglebuyingNest(makersof'
learningthermostats9toshowhowcompanieshaveshownhugeinterestindevelopingsmarthometechnologyandalsoasanexampleofdisappointingsalesfiguresforsmarthomeproducts.MarketanalyticshaveestablishedthatonlyafewpercentofUShouseholdshavesmart(networked)appliancesandthevastmajorityofUKhouseholdshavenoplanstobuyany.Explanationsforthereluctanthomeownersarediversebutincludequestionsofreliability,cost,control,privacyandsecurity.
Notonlyprivatecompaniesbutalsopublicauthoritieshaveshownhugeinterestinsmarthometechnologies,especiallyrelatingtohealthcareandtoenergyconsumptionandmanagement.ThelatterisforinstanceseenintheEuropeanUnionH2020fundingschemes,includingtheSETplananditsintegratedroadmap.1Thissetsoutthegoalofsecure,affordableandsustainableenergyandstatesthatthisgoalcanonlybereachedthroughtheuseofnewsmartenergytechnologies.Theactiveparticipationofcitizensisconsideredcrucialtothisstrategyanditismadeclearthatcitizenparticipationandengagementformpartofsmartsolutionsinthehome,althoughthedocumentstendtobevagueabouttheformthatthisengagementshouldtake.
Someofthemainquestionsraisedinthesmarthomesliteraturearedatasecurity,locusofcontrolinthehousehold,andtheextenttowhichsmarthomesoffergreaterunderstandingandabilitytomanageenergytooccupantsontheonehandandgreatersystemefficiencyontheother.Implicitinalltheseisafurtherquestionaboutboundaries:
forexample,isitsufficienttodescribeasmarthomeasan'
inclusive,two-waycommunicationsystembetweenthehouseanditsoccupants,whenthatsystemmaybringahomeintotheambitofotherstraditionallykeptonthedoorstep-utilities,government-bysettingupnewdata-sharingandcontrolmechanisms?
Bringingdiscussionsonwhatahomeisintothefieldofresidentialenergyconsumption,withitsgrowinginterestinsmarthomesasalow-carbonandgrid-managementcsolution5,thusseemshighlyrelevant.Inthispaperwebringtogetherdiscussionsonthenatureofthehomewithsomeresearchapproachestosmarthomes,andusethisexercisetoidentifypossibleabsencesinthesmarthomeliteratureandpolicyapproaches.
2. Theconceptofhome
Thehomeisaconceptwithmanydifferentconnotations.Anoften-citedreviewoftheconceptofhomeliststenofthesemeanings.Thesecategoriesinnowayexcludeeachother:
rathertheyshouldbeseenascomplementaryandintertwined,asalsoestablishedbyseveralauthors.Alsotheordersinwhichwepresentthemarearbitrary,astheirimportancemaydependhighlyonthecontextandvarywithdifferentgroups.
Firstishomeassecurityandcontrol.Inoppositiontoworkplace,institutionsandcitiesorwildnature,homeistheplacewhereyouareincontrolandcanfeelsafe,eventhough,ormaybepreciselybecause,thehomemightbesurroundedbyahostilesociety.Thehomeinthisunderstandingisthusalsoassociatedwithasafehavenandarefugefromthesurroundings.Desprestalksaboutsecurityandcontrolasoneaspectofhomeandarefugefromtheoutsideworldasanotheraspect,whereasinourterminologywecombinethemintooneasweseethemastwosidesofthesameexperience.Fromasociologicalperspectiveitcan,however,beobjectedthathomeisnotalwaysasecureplace,forinstanceforabusedwomenandchildren,andthat,forexample,manyteenagersmightnotfeelthathomeiswheretheyareincontroloftheirownlives.Theimportanceofhomeascontrolandsafetycanmaybebestbeunderstood,paradoxically,whenstudyingthosewhohavetoliveinplaceswhichdonotaccommodatethisnotionofthehome,suchasmarginalizedpeoplelivinginroominghouses.
Secondisthehomeasasiteofactivity,eitherintheformofthemanydifferentactivitiesofcooking,cleaning,eatingandsleepingwhichconstituteeverydaylife,orintheformofactuallyworkingonandwiththehome,physicallytransformingthehometomakeittheplacethatbestaccommodatesouractivitiesandideas.InthecategoriesfromDespresshementionsthreedifferentmeaningsofthehomeincludingthehomeassomethingtoactuponandmodify,thehomeasacentreofactivityandthehomeasamaterialphysicalstructure,whereasweinourapproachcombinethesethreeintooneaspectofthehomeasaphysicalplaceforactivities.Withinpractice-theoreticalstudiestherehasbeenconsiderablefocusbothontheeverydaypracticesandonthepracticesoftransformingthehome.Althoughnoneofthesestudieshasspecificallyaddressedthequestionoftheconceptofhome,itisreasonabletoinferfromthemthattheideaofahomeasasiteforactivityiswell-established.Notonlypractice-theoretically-orientedresearchershavehoweverworkedwiththisaspectofthehomeasasiteofactivities.TheanthropologistGullestadhascalledthehomethecentreofeverydaylife,asitisfromthiswedepartandtothiswereturn,aswellaswhereweperformmostofoureverydayactivities.
Third,thehomeisaplaceforrelationshipsandcontinuity.Oneoftenmeaningsofthehomeisaboutcontinuityandpermanence,indicatingthathomeisatemporalprocess,changingovertimebutalsorelatingbacktowhatwasbefore.Permanenceandcontinuityrelatetothequestionoffamilyinthewayhouseshavebeenhandedfromonegenerationtoanother,butalsotoourchildhoodmemoriesofourbirthhomeandgenerallytoasenseofbelongingandhavingroots.Anothermeaningofhomeaccordingtoreferstorelationshipwithfamiliesandfriends,withastrongconnotationofhomeasaplacetostrengthenrelationshipswithpeopleonecaresfor.ThiswasalsofoundinaDanishstudy,wherequalitativeinterviewswereexploringmeaningsofthehomeandfoundthatwheneveraskedaboutthehome,residentsansweredwithtalesofthefamilyandtheirrelations.
Intheabovewehaveidentifiedfourdifferentconceptsthatcoverimportantaspectsofwhatahomeis.Thereviewfromwhichinspiredthislistishowevermoredescriptivethananalytical,andwhatmightbemissingfromthisapproachisanunderstandingofhowdifferentsocialgroupsrelatedifferentlytomeaningsofhome,andhowthesedifferentmeaningsofhomerelatetosocio-economi
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