1、 Dr Faustus Tamburlaine3） William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4） John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud5） John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2. 文艺复兴The Renaissance is
2、 a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the
3、Roman Catholic Church.3. 人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based
4、 on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform
5、 wonders.4. 玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is si
6、mple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.5. 莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a human
7、ist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the fe
8、udal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, an
9、d should reflect nature and reality.A. Shakespeares views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespeare also states that literary works whi
10、ch have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B. The characteristics of Shakespeares characters:Shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhi
11、le, they may share features with others.C. The characteristics of Shakespeares plot:Shakespeares plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D. T
12、he characteristics of Shakespeares language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments the language. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new
13、 words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life an
14、d is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespea
15、re is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意
16、向. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donnes interest lies in dramatizing and
17、 illustrating the state of being in love.5.戏剧威尼斯商人的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication deri
18、ves in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and bruta
19、lity of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeares youthful Renaissance
20、 spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6. 哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so question
21、ing, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his fathers death, Ha
22、mlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage rev
23、enger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeares play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him.
24、But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7. 诗歌
25、失乐园的结构、人物性格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men.” At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Miltons fundamental concern with freedom and c
26、hoice; the freedom to submit to Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satans rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human
27、 love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But mans fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of
28、 Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Cha
29、pter 2 The Neoclassical Period1. 新古典时期的作家及其作品1） John Bunyan ：The Pilgrims Progress2） Alexander Pope：An Essay on Criticism The Rape of the LockAn Essay on Man3） Daniel Defoe：Robinson Crusoe4） Jonathan Swift：A Tale of a TubThe Battle of the BooksThe Drapiers LettersGullivers TravelsA Modest Proposal5）
30、 Henry Fielding：The History of Jonathan Wild the GreatThe History of Tom Jones a FoundlingThe History of Amelia6） Samuel Johnson：To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chester field7） Richard Brinsley Sheridan：The School for Scandal8） Thomas Gray ：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard2. 启蒙运动The Enlighte
31、nment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern
32、philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and corre
