1、议论文的常见类型和写作模式议论文的常见类型和写作模式正反观点类/ 对比类Para. 1 提出一种社会现象或话题Para. 2 对此人们持有不同的观点-有些人认为. 有必要；有些人观点相反，认为 没有必要Para.3 你的看法Para. 1 _ has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person. Some people are inclined to think that_. On the contrary, there are still many people who wont
2、agree, and they claim_.Nowadays, more and more people vioce growing concern over_. Some people argue that_, in that_, while others firmly hold that_.(社会现象)Para. 2Those who are in favor of_ argue that_. First,_. Second, _. Third, _.People who criticize _, on the other hand, maintain that_. For one th
3、ing,_. For another thing, _Para.3 (个人看法)As for as I am concerned, my favor goes to the first / second view. On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _.In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we _, we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right dicisions.
4、1. 有人认为大学里应独自生活2. 另一些认为大学里应与别人同住3. 你的看法Living alone or Living with RoommatesNowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among the college students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or live together with other roommates in the students dormitory. Opinions are divided over t
5、he matter.Those who are in favor of Living alone maintain that it is very convenient to live by themselves. They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own. They can have their own timetable without disturbing others. They are also free to equip the room with a personal computer so that they
6、can have easy access to the Internet.But others argue that living with roommates has attractions of its own. With several students sharing the same room, each persons experiences can be greatly enriched. They can learn a lot from talking to one another. By learning to tolerate the differences betwee
7、n individuals, they can become more mature.As far as Im concerned, I prefer to live with roommates because I love the feeling of belonging. Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus说明利弊型-某一现象或观点有利有弊，形成自己的观点Para. 1. 描述或点明一种现象或观点Para. 2. 分析这种现象或观点的优缺点/
8、利弊Para. 3 针对问题提出解决方法（我的看法/ 我认为 )例：2008年6月 2011年6月Online ShoppingIn recent years, nothing has gained more popularity than_ due to the rapid development of information technology (science and technology / society). _(列举其表现形式).With the development of science and technology and the steady improvement of
9、 our living standards, _have stepped into peoples everyday life._(列举其表现形式).Para. 2Undoubtedly, _ is of many advantages. First, _. Second, _. Last but not (by no means) least,_.Just as every coin has two sides, it is true of _. In the beginning, _.Whats more, _. And_.Para. 3As far as Im concerned, _h
10、as become increasingly become an irrversible trend in the modern society. It is urgent that_. And _. In short / In a sense/ In conclusion, only by doing _ can we _.Only if _ can we_.Only in this way can we_.Only when_ can we_.Only after_can we_.常用写法一Doing sth. has both advantages and disadvantages.
11、The advantages of doing sth. can be illustrated from the following. To begin with, _. Secondly, _. Last but not least, _. However, there are also some disadvantages of doing sth. First of all, _. Another disadvantage is _. In addition, _.常用写法二There are several advantages of doing sth. In the first p
12、lace,_.In the second place, _. What is more, _.Just as everything has two sides, doing something can also cause some problems. For one thing, _. For another, _. For still another, _. Furthermore, _.Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Private Schoo
13、l？You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校；2.私立学校的利与弊；3.你的看法。It can be noticed that a large number of private schools or training organizations become a new landscape in education. When you read newspapers, when you watch TV, when you walk
14、 on the road, you will inevitably see lots of advertisements about private schools. There are private schools mainly dealing with foreign languages, computers, music and sports.However, is it a good or bad thing to have so many private schools? As a coin has two sides, so are the private schools. On
15、 the one hand, private schools can meet the special needs of the society or the particular requirements of people. On the other hand, they often bring people extra burden because of comparison and competition.When asked to decide whether we should have a society without private schools or a society
16、with private schools, I will not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. Although attending a training course will result in the extra cost or burden, it is of tremendous merits in preparing my work and cultivating my skills.现象分析类型Para. 1 提出社会现象或一个问题Para. 2 分析问题分析原因分析其必要性解析其对社会或生活造成的影响危害Para. 3 解决问题
17、例：2010年6月2009年1月Para. 1 现象描述或问题提出Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see that_. This phenomenon influences_and fosters_.Para.2 (探讨原因)This phenomenon can actually be attributed to several possible reasons. To start with,_. Meanwhile, _. In addtion, _.There are many reasons why .The existence of the probl
18、em of can be attributed to the following main reasons.Para. 3 提出对策Topic sentence: Since _ is _, we should do_. First, _. Second, _. Finally, _. Anyway, only_can we_.提出对策或解决问题的常用句型To deal with this problem successfully, the government, the department concerned has taken many effective measures.Variou
19、s measures/ steps/ actions should be taken to handle the problem of The following measures can be adopted/ carried out to cope with the problem of There are many means through which college students can get to know the society.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short es
20、say on the topic Environmental Protection. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 全球变暖对地球环境造成了很大影响2. 引起全球变暖的原因3. 我们需要采取的措施Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic College Students Job Hunting. You should write at leas
21、t 120 words following the outline given below.1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象2. 产生这种现象的原因(如大学生追求的目标过高，专业不对口等)3. 如何解决这一问题(改变就业观念，大学生再培训等)How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficOutline:问题：城市交通拥挤 解决方案 (solution)1、建造(lay down)更多道路 优点：1）降低街道拥挤程度；2）加速车流(flow of traffic) 缺点：占地过多2、开辟(open up)更多公共汽车线路 优点：减少自行车与小汽车 缺点：对
22、部分人可能造成不便结论：两者结合Environmental ProtectionNo one，regardless of race, religion or nationality, can deny that the world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerable because of the effects of global warming. According to many experts, even greater impacts are still on the way.There are numerous causes
23、 for this problem. On one hand, human-related emissions of carbon into the atmosphere is causing, and will in the future cause, significant global warming according to the theory. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about the importance of protecting environment hinders the solving of the probl
24、em.It is urgent that immediate and effective actions should be taken right away. First, more trees need to be planted to help improve and beautify the environment. Besides, stricter laws concerning global warming and irresponsible use of fuel resources have to be put into effect and achieved good re
25、sults. In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again .College Students Job HuntingIn recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated pheno
26、menon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenonXX文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working cond
27、itions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some student
28、s are not fit for the jobs.Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-toearth in building up their career. Furthermore, they
29、 should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.基本形式上的稍微变异2011年1月现象+对策当提纲只有两条时，你要自己补充上第三条，可以是根据上面两条提纲下一个结论，或提出前景预测，或者补充上自己对这个现象的看法。基本形式上的稍微变异Para.1、说明事物现状 (描述现象）Para.2、事物本身的优点或者缺点Para.3、你对现状（或前景）的看法例： 2009年6月2007年1月Para. 2 在第一段的基础上提出其缺点Although_enjoys distinct advantages, it also brings problems. To begin with, _. In addition,_.But/ However, some others dont / couldnt / believe/ think/ insist _ in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),-（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),-(理由三).基本形式上的稍微变异
