1、铁岭市高考英语 阅读理解短文填单词类训练题13辽宁铁岭市2014高考英语阅读理解、短文填单词类训练题（13）及答案专题-猜词悟义 一、题型特点与解题技巧在英语阅读中， 利用上下文或句子结构猜测词义是学生必备的阅读能力之一。培养猜测词义的能力，不仅有助于提高阅读速度，扩大词汇量， 还能增强学习英语的信心。 一、巧借生词本身 在英语文章中， 一些人名、地名、节日等专有名词不影响理解，对它们可就词论词，不必猜测词义。例如. 1.The largest spider in the world is the goliath tarantula. 2.Held on a farm, the Glaston
2、bury festival is the most well-known and popular in the U.K.二、巧用上下文信息 在阅读中， 可根据上下文的语境暗示， 运用逻辑推理来猜测生词词义。例如： 1.He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give up easily.2.The female mosquito is a vampire and lives on blood. 三、利用同义词或近义词 为使自己的意思表达得更清楚， 作者通常用其同义词或近义词来解释难词。例如： 1.Mother was
3、tall, fat and middle -aged. The principal of the school was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter. 2.All the members are of the same opinions. They are unanimous. 四、运用定义或释义 阅读中会遇到一些不熟悉的术语。为帮助读者理解，作者常用一个句子或一个段落来说明其内涵。对术语下定义的句子往往出现在段首，也是主题句。有时整个段落、甚至整篇文章都围绕这一定义展开。因而， 借助作者的定义或释义推断词义
4、是最直接的办法。例如： 1.The enemy soldiers surrendered, that is, threw their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads. 2.The word ecology means the study of the relationship between living things and their surroundings. 用来表示定义或释义的提示语有：mean, refer to, be defined as, be described as, be known a
5、s, be called, be termed, that is, or, in other words等。 五、巧用构词法 阅读中可运用合成、转化、派生等构词法知识来猜测词义。通过分析词缀及词根，不仅可猜测单词含义，还有利于扩大词汇量。例如： 1.They overestimate the interviewers ability and asked him many difficult questions.2.Take out all removable parts and wash them with warm water. 掌握一些常见词缀及含义。如：形容词后缀有-ful, -less
6、, -y, -ing,-able等； 名词后缀有- or, - er, - tion, - ist,- th, -ment, -age, -ness等；构成反义词的前缀有un-, dis-. in-,im-, ir-, non-等。 有特定意义的词缀有re-（ 重新，再），co-（合作的），anti-（反对的），over-（过高的），micro-（微型的），fore-（超前的），inter-（国际的,相互的）,pre-（先前的,提前的）,super-（超级的），tele-（远）等。 六、巧借标点符号 有时为了让读者更清楚文中某个词或短语的含义,作者经常借助标点符号（ 如括号、破折号、冒号、逗号
7、等） 直接为生词提供定义或解释。例如： 1.In Russia if we give flowers as a present, we have to give an odd number of them （one, three, five, etc） because even number of flowers （two, four, six, etc）are for funerals.2.One of the tourists has just been bluejackedsecretly sent a test message using short-range wireless te
8、chnology called bluetooth. 七、妙用对比词 在文章中， 作者有时会运用一些相互对应、互为反义的词语，使不同事物的特点更为突出。我们可以通过上下文的逻辑关系， 透过两种事物或现象的对比描述， 从其中一个熟悉的词反推出生词词义。例如： 1.Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.2.Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it is hoarse. 表示对比、转折的标志词通常有yet, but, however, otherwise, despite, even though
9、, unlike, instead, rather than, on the other hand, on the contrary等。 八、找准信息词 通常情况下， 某些单词或短语所引出的内容可起到解释说明的作用,能帮助我们理解生词的含义。这样的信号词有：for example, for instance, such as, namely, and, like （ 像）, especially, include, consist of等。 1.Many United Nations employees are polyglots, Mrs. White, for example, speak
10、s five languages.2.But, on the other hand, we have such compound words as handshake and handbag. 九、巧借经验和常识 在阅读理解中结合自己的经验和社会常识， 往往也能有效地推断出生词的含义。如： 1.When you have tanks of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. 2.In the old days, when girls from rich families were married to th
11、eir husbands, they expected to bring with them a large quantity of dowry. 根据生活经验猜测词义时， 要注意观察同一生词是否在文章中其他地方出现，把两处的语境进行比较，更容易准确地猜出词义。 十、巧用因果关系 不同的原因导致不同的结果； 反之，由结果也能够分析出原因。我们可以巧用因果关系来推测词义。例如： 1.Since I could not afford to buy the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not te
12、ll the difference. 2.He was so infuriated that he tore the letters into pieces.表示因果关系的标志词有because ,so, thus, due to, result in/from，as a result（of）等。 十一、活用语法知识 有些语法知识如定语从句和同位语等进一步说明的作用,可以帮助推断词义。例如： 1.He was a prestidigitator who amused the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, an
13、d other similar tricks. 2.Do you have any proof that he is a thief? 十二、注意指示代词和人称代词等 There are pressing calls on the resources of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them. ( 2010北京) 一般说来it, they, this等指代的都是上文提到的人或事，但一
14、定按句意判断是上文哪个词。总之，我们要坚持“词不离句， 句不离文” 的原则， 在上下文的紧密联系中猜测词义。此外，还要训练带着问题， 按意群、句子去阅读， 不要把注意力集中在某个单词或短语上，这样既能加快阅读速度，又能把注意力集中在内容的理解上, 从而养成良好的阅读习惯。*结束阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。 （1）An apprenticeship is a form of on-the-job training that combines workplace experience and classroom learning. It c
15、an last anywhere from one to six years, but four years is typical for most. An apprentice spends the majority of the time in a workplace environment learning the practical skills of a career from a journeyman-someone who has done the job for many years. The rest of the apprentices time is spent in a
16、 classroom environment learning the theoretical skills the career requires. Being an apprentice is a full-time undertaking. One of the advantages of apprenticeship is that it does not cost apprentices anything. The companies that hire them pay for school. Whats more, it offers apprentices an earn wh
17、ile you learn opportunity. They usually start out at half the pay of a journeyman, and the pay increases gradually as they move further along in the job and studies. Near the end of the apprenticeship, their wages are usually 90 percent of what a journeyman would receive. Apprenticeship also pays of
18、f for employers. It can offer employers a pool of well-trained workers to draw from. Despite the advantages, apprentices are usually required to work during the day and attend classes at night, which leaves little time for anything else. Sometimes, they might be laid off (下岗) if business for the emp
19、loyers is slow. Once they have completed the apprenticeship and become journeymen, they receive a nationally recognized and portable certification and their pay also increases again. Some journeymen continue employment with the companies they apprenticed with; others go onto different companies or b
20、ecome self-employed contractors.Title:(1) _Definitionon-the-job training combining workplace experience and classroom (2)_the (3)_ of the time in a workplace: learning the practical skillsthe rest of the time in a classroom: learning the (4)_ skills.Advantagescosting apprentices nothing offering app
21、rentices money-making opportunitieshalf the pay of a journeyman at the (5)_ gradually increasing pay in the process90% of a (6)_wages near the end offering employers many (7)_ workersDisadvantageslittle time for anything elsethe possibility of being (8)_ off(9)_a formal certificationanother (10)_ in
22、creasefree choices of jobs 参考答案（1）1. Apprenticeship 2. learning 3. majority 4. theoretical 5. beginning 6. journeymans 7. well-trained 8. laid 9. Results 10. pay *结束任务型阅读阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（请注意问题后的字数要求）。Barack Obama is prepared to become president, supported by enormous public goodwill. The Bush era
23、, with all its disasters and blunders, is over. Obama has arrived in Washington, DC, and is ready to swear the oath (誓词) of office on Lincolns own Bible at noon on Tuesday January 20th. Then Americans will start to see what kind of a president they have chosen as the 44th occupant of the office.To a
24、 surprising degree they like to give him the benefit of any possible doubt. Mr Obamas polling numbers have reached sky-high levels._, 80% of people now have a positive impression of Mr Obama, a figure that has been steadily increasing since his election in November. It is the highest figure recorded
25、 for an incoming president for 30 years, according to another poll. It compares well even with George Bushs 90% patriotism-fuelled rating in the wake of the September 11th attacks.Mr Obamas supporting rate seems the more remarkable given the large proportion of people who say that they do not expect
26、 to see quick results. Fully two-thirds of them do not expect to see great improvements in the economy over the next two years, and more than half doubt there will be many changes on health-care reform, or an end to the war in Iraq, in that time. Yet these were Mr Obamas three main campaign promises
27、. On the other hand, 61% of them expect the country to be in better shape in five years time, which means a fairly long honeymoon period.76. What is the possible title of this article?(within 10 words)_77. Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?Surprisingly, Americans see
28、m willing to support Obama._78. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 2 with proper words.(Pleases answer within 5 words)_79. What did Mr. Obama promise to do after he became president of the US? .(Pleases answer within 15 words)_80. Please translate the underlined sentence into Chinese._参考答案76. Obama is s
29、upported by Americans/ Obama is supported by public goodwill/ Obama enjoys high supporting rate77. To a surprising degree they like to give him the benefit of any possible doubt.78. According to a news survey/ Based on a poll/From a questionnaire79. improve the economy reform health-care end the war
30、 in Irqa80. 奥巴马已经来到华盛顿，并且准备在1月20日星期二中午用林肯使用过的圣经宣誓就职。*结束第二节 根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。A：Excuse meMrGreenBut Id like to take a few days off.B： 61A：My mother is illI have to take care of her.B：Oh, dearIm sorry to hear that 62A：No, thanksMy mother has caught a bad coldShe has a high fever and coughs day and nightThe doctor says my mother has to be in hosp
