1、名词星概念教育辅导讲义学员姓名： 年 级：初二升初三 第 课时 辅导科目：英语 教师：课 题 名词授课时间：07月11日上午07：4009：45备课时间： 7月8日教学内容一教学重点针对 同学初二升初三情况，设计了此英语语法复习系统，循序渐进，以提升其综合解题能力。本章节教学重点为名词。1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1.1专有名词 ：专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词 t
2、he。如：the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。 1.2、普通名词 普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词 可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange； 不可数名词 不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information . 1.2.1英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种
3、形式。名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下： 1 在单数名词词尾加 s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables. s,o,x ,sh,ch 结尾的词加 es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches. 注：少数以 o 结尾的词,有生命的加es, 没生命的加s. 如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i,再加 es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties. 以 f
4、 或 fe 结尾的名词,变 f 或 fe 为 v,再加 es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese 1.2.2不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfi
5、ve bottles of milk. 2、名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下： (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我 姐姐的书) (2)以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如： todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(
6、中国的人口). (3)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词 of 短语来表示所有关系。如： a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿). 注解 s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧 室) “of+名词所有格 名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格 如：a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友3、名词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题(主谓一致)：
7、3.1 谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即： 主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式： 如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是 个了不起的发明) The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 3.2集体名词(如 family, class, team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主语时, 1. 如果表示整体概念,以单数对待2. 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中
8、国地图) 3. Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、maths, news 等虽然有 s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令 人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如： Th
9、e trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。 如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的 时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son ar
10、e picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品) 8、 there be 句型中 be 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) 9、 bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 Both you and I are required to be here 用 如： tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来) 10、 主语中含有 with 的短语时,
11、谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定。 A woman with a 7-year-old child 如： was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边) 11、 eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 Either you or 如： He is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单
12、数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当 长的一段距离) 13、主语中含有 half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如： Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息 是用英语写的) A third of the stu
13、dents were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边 玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句) 但是,population 一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用 单数) Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) 4、部分名词用法辨析： 4
14、.1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport 通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game 意 思是 “运动、 比赛” ,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动； match 意为 “竞赛、 比赛” , 多指正式比赛； race 主要表示 “赛跑、 赛马、 赛车” 如： People all around the world enjoy sports.(全 世界的人都喜爱运动)The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football t
15、eam won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛) 4.2、festival、holiday、vacation 的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动； holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指 学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上
16、海电视节将在下个月举行) Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)4.3、journey、tour、trip、travel 的区别：journey 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点, 含有辛苦的意思；tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip 通常指 往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等； travel 多指长期
17、或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey toDunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?( 旅 行 期 间 你 去 圣 地 亚 哥 了 吗 ？ ) Travelling throug
18、h forests is dangerous.(在森林里边穿行是很危险的)4.4、sound、noise、voice 的区别：sound 指各种声音；noise 主要指“噪音” ；voice 指人的“嗓音” 。如： The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a
19、 bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) 5、fish 的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish 指“鱼 肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)二经典例题1( ) 1 Though it rained heavily, _ were still playing on the playground.A. they B. them C. their
20、 D. themselves( ) 2 Tom and _ will go to see our teacher, for _ is ill.A. I; she. B. me; she C. I; her D. me; her( ) 3 Is_a boy or girl?A. she B. he C. one D. it( ) 4 Only_know it.A. I and he B. he and you C. he and I D. I and you2( ) 1 I saw_ playing in the street at that time.A. them B. they C. th
21、eir D. theirs2 Jim will give_ a short talk tomorrow.A. we B. us C. our D. ours( ) 3 Please ask_ not to skate on the thin ice.A. they B. them C. their D. theirs( ) 4 The pen is hers. Pass it to_, please.A. her B. she C. hers D. herself( ) 5 Let me go and give the coat to_.A. he B. his C. himself D. h
22、im( ) 6 They asked_ to do the work.A. you, he and I B. you, him and me C. I, you and he D. me, you and him3( ) 1 Whos that at the door? _ is the postman.A. She B. This C. It D. He( ) 2 -Whos that in the picture?A. Its me B. Thats I C. This is a boy D. Its I( ) 3 -Look, who is coming?-_ must be our E
23、nglish teacher.A. She B. He C. It D. This( ) 4 Someone is knocking at the door, but who can_ be?A. one B. he C. she D. it4( ) 1 _ was late summer and the weather was very hot. A. That B. It C. This D. Its( ) 2 What time is _ now?A it B. all C. this D: that( ) 3 _ a heavy rain last night.A. There had
24、 B. We had C. It was D. There is( ) 4 _ is 200 kilometres from here to the natural park. We have to go there by car.A. There B. It C. This D. The place5( ) 1 The bird built_ nest in the tree.A. its B. hers C. hers D. its ( ) 2 Have you seen_pen, a black one?A. these B. my C. you D. hers3 Sorry I hav
25、e forgot _ telephone number.A. yours B. him C. you D. his6( ) I The bear was shot in_ head. ? A. the B. its C. a D. this( ) 2 The old man took the girl by _ hand and they went down the street.A. her B. a C. the D. that( ) 3 He apologized to me for hitting me_ face.A. on the B. at the C. in the D. in
26、 my7( ) T Our room is big, but_ is bigger than_.A. their; our B. their; ours C. theirs; ours D. theirs; our( ) 2 They arent our books. Are they_?A. your B. his C. her D. their( ) 3 Our room is bigger than _.A. you B. your C. yours D. her( ) 4 You have a good room, I should say. But its not as big as
27、_. A. I B. my C. me D. mine8( ) 1 _ is the best season of the year?A. When B. What C. Which D. What time( ) 2 o-_ is your sister?-She is a nurse.A. What B. Which C. How D. Who( ) 3 -_ colour are your new shoes?-They are brown.A. Any B. Whose C. Which D. What( ) 4 -_ is your classmate John like?-Hes
28、very tall.A. How B. What C. Who D. Which9( )1 _ has happened and _ did it?A. Who; who B. What; who C. What; what D. Who; what( ) 2 Who waiting outside? Please ask them to come in.A. in B. has C. have D. are10( ) 1 -_ is that man over there?-Hes Mr Green.A. What B. Which C. How D. Who( ) 2 -_ is the
29、boy standing there?-He is my brother.A. Which B. What C. How D. Who( ) 3 Who _ the little American boy over there?A. were B. are C. is D.1 am( )4 Who_these tall men?A. is B. am C. are D. was11( ) 1 _ one do you like, the blue one or the red one?A. What B. Which C. That D. This( ) 2 -_ is bigger?-The
30、 yellow one.A. who B. whom C. which D. It( ) 3 _ of you would like to go with us?A. Who B. Which C. All D. Both12( ) 1 -_ bag is this?-Its Jacks, A. What B. Which C. Whose D. Whos( ) 2 -_ pencils are these?-They are theirs.A. Which B. Whose C. / D. These( ) 3 _ house is being repaired?A. hat B. Wher
31、e C. Who D. Whose13( ) 1 Please find out _ he is looking after at home.A. who B. which C. whom D. when( ) 2 _ do you think you should help?A. Whose B. Which C. What D. Whom( ) 3 He told me _ he was sent for.A. whom B. that C. both D. where14( ) 1 We _ at the party last Sunday.A. enjoyed myself B. enjoyed ourselvesC. enjoy myself D. enjoyed ourself
