1、交际跨文化交际中的语用失误原因及对策【关键字】交际跨文化交际中的语用失误：原因及对策Pragmatic Failure in Cross-cultural Communication:Causes and CountermeasuresAbstract: With the rapid development of globalization and frequent contacts among different countries, cross-cultural communication is becoming more and more important and becomes on
2、e of the most frequent and significant activities in the twenty-first century. However, people from different countries may have different beliefs, values, attitudes and world views. They may use their own cultural values, beliefs and attitudes to understand the others who have different cultural ba
3、ckgrounds. As a result, pragmatic failure will come into being and bring many obstacles into cross-cultural communication.In cross-cultural communication, due to negative transfer, different cultural connotations, cultural values, social norms, and improper foreign language teaching in the classroom
4、, pragmatic failure can hardly be avoided. To cultivate the learners pragmatic competence and to improve the awareness of cultural differences of the learners are also important to reduce pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication. Key words: cross-cultural communication； pragmatic failure； c
5、auses and countermeasures摘 要：随着全球化进程的加快，跨文化交际越来越成为当今世界重要活动之一。但是，由于交际者可能来自于不同文化，他们不了解异族文化的特点，各自遵循的信念、价值观、世界观等也不尽相同，经常会在跨文化交际中出现语用失误，影响跨文化交际的成功进行。在跨文化交际中，由于不适当的文化迁移，不同的文化解读、价值观念，社会习俗，及不当的外语教学方法，语用失误几乎不可躲免。培养学习者的语用能力及提高学习者的文化差异意识，可有效地减少跨文化交际中的语用失误的发生。关键词：跨文化交际；语用失误；原因及对策Contents. Introduction.1. Litera
6、ture Review.2Definitions to some terms.21. Cross-cultural communication.22. Pragmatics.23. Pragmatic failure.2. Classification of Pragmatic Failure .3A. Pragmalinguistic failures.31. Pronunciation and intonation.32. Vocabulary.33. Grammar.44. Text .4B. Social-pragmatic failure.51. Address.52. Greeti
7、ngs.53. Compliments.64. Taboos.6. Main Source for Pragmatic Failure.6A. Negative transfer.7B. Improper teaching in the classroom.7C. Different cultural connotation.8D. Different social norms.8E. Different cultural value system.9. Countermeasures to Pragmatic Failure.10A. Using knowledge of pragmatic
8、 principles in cross-communication.10B. Teaching the second language with the help of pragmatic knowledge.11C. Increasing students awareness of cultural differences11D. Cultivating learners communicative competence.12. Conclusion.12Works Cited.13. Introduction：The rapid development of economy and te
9、chnology has brought the human beings into an age of globalization in which people of one culture are increasingly in contact with people of other cultures. There is a great potential for communicators to suffer from communication breakdowns in cross-cultural context because of the cultural differen
10、ces. In cross-cultural communication, the communicators are inclined to negatively transfer their native cultural conventions and linguistic knowledge into communication， thus they will commit pragmatic failurefailing to understand the counterparts intentions, and they will transmit their actual ide
11、as into the communication. With an analysis of classic examples and application of pragmatics theory, the purpose of the thesis is to provide some useful references for foreign language teaching in and for a better cross-cultural communication.The thesis is divided into five parts:Part one gives the
12、 basic concepts of some terms, such as cross-cultural communication, pragmatics, pragmatic failure, communicative competence，so that a clear view of pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication is formed in the reader mind.Part two focuses on the pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communicatio
13、n, which is generally reflected in social-pragmatics and pragmalinguistics. In this part, a lot of real examples from different angles are given to analysis their manifestation forms in cross-cultural context.Part three explores the causes of pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication. From t
14、his point of view, negative transfer, different cultural connotations, cultural values, social norms, and improper foreign language teaching in the classroom and cross-cultural barriers such as ethnocentrism and stereotypes and so on, are all considered as the causes of pragmatic failure in cross-cu
15、ltural communication. Part four is about the countermeasures to pragmatic failure in cross-cultural communication. It is of great importance to learn some principles in communication and to teach foreign language with some pragmatic knowledge. In addition, cross-cultural communicators should cultiva
16、te the awareness of cultural differences and to develop the pragmatic competence of communicators. Part five is the conclusion of this thesis, in which a brief summary of this thesis is made. Literature ReviewA. Definitions to some terms1. Cross-cultural communicationCross-cultural communication is
17、the communication activities between people from different cultural backgrounds (including different cultures between different nations and different sub-cultures in the same culture). Cross-cultural communication may produce two quite opposite consequences. On one hand, exposure to another culture
18、can broaden ones perspective, promote personality growth and promote mutual understandings between the people of different cultures, which can lead to better international relations and less inter-group friction and hostility. On the other hand, cross-cultural communication often leads to hostility
19、and poor inter-personal relations among those involved in this communication because of some cultural and psychological factors.2. PragmaticsThere are various definitions to pragmatics from different scholars. Based on their ideas, we can summarize it as the study of meaning in context which is dist
20、inct with word and sentence meaning.3. Pragmatic failureThomas J. is the first one to put forward with the term “pragmatic failure”. And she has defined it to “the inability to understand what is meant by what is said. It seems to Thomas that it is the hearers fault that causes pragmatic failure. (T
21、homas 91)According to the Chinese scholar He Ziran, pragmatic failure refers to the errors resulting from inappropriate utterance, intact manner, or unidiomatic expressions, and as a result, the communication fails to achieve the expected effect. (He Ziran 348)In Qian Guanlians opinion, speakers can
22、 make grammatically correct utterances in communication, but they may unconsciously violate interpersonal or social norms, or produce utterances that are not in accordance with the time, the place, or the interlocutors, and then pragmatic failure occurs. (Qian 195)As stated above, pragmatic failure
23、should be defined from two perspectives. First, pragmatic failure refers to the failure resulting from the hearers faulty interpretation of utterances. Second, it refers to the speakers unconscious violation of interpersonal, social norms, value systems, and intact manners. As a result, the effect o
24、f communication cannot be as satisfactory as expected or even worse. Communication breaks down or ends in failures. Classifications of Pragmatic FailureThomas has categorized pragmatic failure into pragmalingluistic failure and socio-pragmatic failure. (Thomas J 91)A. Pragmalinguistic failuresPragma
25、linguistic failure refers to the failure in the language use itself. It occurs when language users can not avail themselves of the same language form and function to make them understood. It mainly manifests itself in the arrangement of phonetics, lexicon, grammar and discourse, mostly the failures
26、in lexicon and grammar.1. Pronunciation and intonation Pronunciation is the martial body of language. It has physical, biological and social attributes as its common characters in language use. In cross-cultural communication, the pronunciation prosperities of the target language should be paid high
27、ly attention, so that they can be utilized effectively and correctly. As to pronunciation, English has phonetic symbols which do not exist in Chinese which is a little bit difficult to pronounce appropriately. The most obvious mistakes in pronunciation are the distinction between the consonants and
28、s, l and n. A great number of people often pronounce night as lait, thanks as snks. All these mentioned above are likely to cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. The intonation of a speaker is a useful basis to tell his or her attitude. Though the literal sentence is the same, the
29、 expressed connotation would vary due to the different intonation. In a French restaurant, a waiter asks a gentleman “Is there anything I can do for you” in a falling instead of a rising tone. Then there comes the problem. The gentleman becomes angry and gives up enjoying the dinner, because he thin
30、ks the waiter is impolite to him by a falling tone!2. VocabularyA principle of verbal communication is to be polite and courteous. And politeness is fully connected with how to apply a language appropriately. Thus the word “please” is undoubtedly involved in some phrases related to politeness both in Chinese and English. However, students of English, for example, often equate
