交际跨文化交际中的语用失误原因及对策.docx
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交际跨文化交际中的语用失误原因及对策.docx
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交际跨文化交际中的语用失误原因及对策
【关键字】交际
跨文化交际中的语用失误:
原因及对策PragmaticFailureinCross-culturalCommunication:
CausesandCountermeasures
Abstract:
Withtherapiddevelopmentofglobalizationandfrequentcontactsamongdifferentcountries,cross-culturalcommunicationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandbecomesoneofthemostfrequentandsignificantactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcentury.However,peoplefromdifferentcountriesmayhavedifferentbeliefs,values,attitudesandworldviews.Theymayusetheirownculturalvalues,beliefsandattitudestounderstandtheotherswhohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.Asaresult,pragmaticfailurewillcomeintobeingandbringmanyobstaclesintocross-culturalcommunication.
Incross-culturalcommunication,duetonegativetransfer,differentculturalconnotations,culturalvalues,socialnorms,andimproperforeignlanguageteachingintheclassroom,pragmaticfailurecanhardlybeavoided.Tocultivatethelearners’pragmaticcompetenceandtoimprovetheawarenessofculturaldifferencesofthelearnersarealsoimportanttoreducepragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunication.
Keywords:
cross-culturalcommunication;pragmaticfailure;causesandcountermeasures
摘要:
随着全球化进程的加快,跨文化交际越来越成为当今世界重要活动之一。
但是,由于交际者可能来自于不同文化,他们不了解异族文化的特点,各自遵循的信念、价值观、世界观等也不尽相同,经常会在跨文化交际中出现语用失误,影响跨文化交际的成功进行。
在跨文化交际中,由于不适当的文化迁移,不同的文化解读、价值观念,社会习俗,及不当的外语教学方法,语用失误几乎不可躲免。
培养学习者的语用能力及提高学习者的文化差异意识,可有效地减少跨文化交际中的语用失误的发生。
关键词:
跨文化交际;语用失误;原因及对策
Contents
Ⅰ.Introduction…………………………………………………..…………….…1
Ⅱ.LiteratureReview…………………………………………….………………2
Definitionstosometerms…………………………………………………….2
1.Cross-culturalcommunication………………………………………...2
2.Pragmatics………………………………………………………………..2
3.Pragmaticfailure……………………………………………………...….2
Ⅲ.ClassificationofPragmaticFailure…………………………………......3
A.Pragmalinguisticfailures…………………………………….……………..3
1.Pronunciationandintonation…………………………….……………3
2.Vocabulary……………………………………………………….………3
3.Grammar……………………………………………………………….4
4.Text…........................................................................................................4
B.Social-pragmaticfailure………………………….…………………….…..5
1.Address……………………………………………….……………..…5
2.Greetings…………………………………………………..……….……5
3.Compliments….........................................................................................6
4.Taboos…………………………………………….…..…….………….6
Ⅳ.MainSourceforPragmaticFailure……………………………………...6
A.Negativetransfer……………………………………………………....……7
B.Improperteachingintheclassroom…………………………………..….....7
C.Differentculturalconnotation……………………………………………..8
D.Differentsocialnorms………………………………………………….....8
E.Differentculturalvaluesystem………………………………...………….9
Ⅴ.CountermeasurestoPragmaticFailure…………………….….…….10
A.Usingknowledgeofpragmaticprinciplesincross-communication...…10
B.Teachingthesecondlanguagewiththehelpofpragmaticknowledge….11
C.Increasingstudents’awarenessofculturaldifferences…………………11
D.Cultivatinglearners’communicativecompetence………………...……12
Ⅵ.Conclusion……………………………………………………….….………12
WorksCited………………..………………………………………….….………13
Ⅰ.Introduction:
Therapiddevelopmentofeconomyandtechnologyhasbroughtthehumanbeingsintoanageofglobalizationinwhichpeopleofonecultureareincreasinglyincontactwithpeopleofothercultures.Thereisagreatpotentialforcommunicatorstosufferfromcommunicationbreakdownsincross-culturalcontextbecauseoftheculturaldifferences.Incross-culturalcommunication,thecommunicatorsareinclinedtonegativelytransfertheirnativeculturalconventionsandlinguisticknowledgeintocommunication,thustheywillcommitpragmaticfailure-failingtounderstandthecounterparts’intentions,andtheywilltransmittheiractualideasintothecommunication.Withananalysisofclassicexamplesandapplicationofpragmaticstheory,thepurposeofthethesisistoprovidesomeusefulreferencesforforeignlanguageteachinginandforabettercross-culturalcommunication.
Thethesisisdividedintofiveparts:
Partonegivesthebasicconceptsofsometerms,suchascross-culturalcommunication,pragmatics,pragmaticfailure,communicativecompetence,sothataclearviewofpragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunicationisformedinthereader’mind.
Parttwofocusesonthepragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunication,whichisgenerallyreflectedinsocial-pragmaticsandpragmalinguistics.Inthispart,alotofrealexamplesfromdifferentanglesaregiventoanalysistheirmanifestationformsincross-culturalcontext.
Partthreeexploresthecausesofpragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunication.Fromthispointofview,negativetransfer,differentculturalconnotations,culturalvalues,socialnorms,andimproperforeignlanguageteachingintheclassroomandcross-culturalbarrierssuchasethnocentrismandstereotypesandsoon,areallconsideredasthecausesofpragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunication.
Partfourisaboutthecountermeasurestopragmaticfailureincross-culturalcommunication.Itisofgreatimportancetolearnsomeprinciplesincommunicationandtoteachforeignlanguagewithsomepragmaticknowledge.Inaddition,cross-culturalcommunicatorsshouldcultivatetheawarenessofculturaldifferencesandtodevelopthepragmaticcompetenceofcommunicators.
Partfiveistheconclusionofthisthesis,inwhichabriefsummaryofthisthesisismade.
Ⅱ.LiteratureReview
A.Definitionstosometerms
1.Cross-culturalcommunication
Cross-culturalcommunicationisthecommunicationactivitiesbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds(includingdifferentculturesbetweendifferentnationsanddifferentsub-culturesinthesameculture).
Cross-culturalcommunicationmayproducetwoquiteoppositeconsequences.Ononehand,exposuretoanotherculturecanbroadenone’sperspective,promotepersonalitygrowthandpromotemutualunderstandingsbetweenthepeopleofdifferentcultures,whichcanleadtobetterinternationalrelationsandlessinter-groupfrictionandhostility.Ontheotherhand,cross-culturalcommunicationoftenleadstohostilityandpoorinter-personalrelationsamongthoseinvolvedinthiscommunicationbecauseofsomeculturalandpsychologicalfactors.
2.Pragmatics
Therearevariousdefinitionstopragmaticsfromdifferentscholars.Basedontheirideas,wecansummarizeitasthestudyofmeaningincontextwhichisdistinctwithwordandsentencemeaning.
3.Pragmaticfailure
ThomasJ.isthefirstonetoputforwardwiththeterm“pragmaticfailure”.Andshehasdefineditto“theinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid.’’ItseemstoThomasthatitisthehearer’sfaultthatcausespragmaticfailure.(Thomas91)
AccordingtotheChinesescholarHeZiran,pragmaticfailurereferstotheerrorsresultingfrominappropriateutterance,intactmanner,orunidiomaticexpressions,andasaresult,thecommunicationfailstoachievetheexpectedeffect.(HeZiran348)
InQianGuanlian’sopinion,speakerscanmakegrammaticallycorrectutterancesincommunication,buttheymayunconsciouslyviolateinterpersonalorsocialnorms,orproduceutterancesthatarenotinaccordancewiththetime,theplace,ortheinterlocutors,andthenpragmaticfailureoccurs.(Qian195)
Asstatedabove,pragmaticfailureshouldbedefinedfromtwoperspectives.First,pragmaticfailurereferstothefailureresultingfromthehearer’sfaultyinterpretationofutterances.Second,itreferstothespeaker’sunconsciousviolationofinterpersonal,socialnorms,valuesystems,andintactmanners.Asaresult,theeffectofcommunicationcannotbeassatisfactoryasexpectedorevenworse.Communicationbreaksdownorendsinfailures.
Ⅲ.ClassificationsofPragmaticFailure
Thomashascategorizedpragmaticfailureintopragmalingluisticfailureandsocio-pragmaticfailure.(ThomasJ91)
A.Pragmalinguisticfailures
Pragmalinguisticfailurereferstothefailureinthelanguageuseitself.Itoccurswhenlanguageuserscannotavailthemselvesofthesamelanguageformandfunctiontomakethemunderstood.Itmainlymanifestsitselfinthearrangementofphonetics,lexicon,grammaranddiscourse,mostlythefailuresinlexiconandgrammar.
1.Pronunciationandintonation
Pronunciationisthemartialbodyoflanguage.Ithasphysical,biologicalandsocialattributesasitscommoncharactersinlanguageuse.Incross-culturalcommunication,thepronunciationprosperitiesofthetargetlanguageshouldbepaidhighlyattention,sothattheycanbeutilizedeffectivelyandcorrectly.
Astopronunciation,EnglishhasphoneticsymbolswhichdonotexistinChinesewhichisalittlebitdifficulttopronounceappropriately.Themostobviousmistakesinpronunciationarethedistinctionbetweentheconsonants[θ]and[s],[l]and[n].Agreatnumberofpeopleoftenpronouncenightas[lait],thanksas[sænks].Allthesementionedabovearelikelytocausemisunderstandingsincross-culturalcommunication.
Theintonationofaspeakerisausefulbasistotellhisorherattitude.Thoughtheliteralsentenceisthesame,theexpressedconnotationwouldvaryduetothedifferentintonation.InaFrenchrestaurant,awaiterasksagentleman“IsthereanythingIcandoforyou”inafallinginsteadofarisingtone.Thentherecomestheproblem.Thegentlemanbecomesangryandgivesupenjoyingthedinner,becausehethinksthewaiterisimpolitetohimbyafallingtone!
2.Vocabulary
Aprincipleofverbalcommunicationistobepoliteandcourteous.Andpolitenessisfullyconnectedwithhowtoapplyalanguageappropriately.Thustheword“please”isundoubtedlyinvolvedinsomephrasesrelatedtopolitenessbothinChineseandEnglish.However,studentsofEnglish,forexample,oftenequate
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- 交际 文化 中的 失误 原因 对策