英文读写literature review范文.docx
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英文读写literature review范文.docx
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Theinfluenceofminingexploitationonenvironmentandthesolutionofthedisposalofsolidwasteresidue
Bytheyearof2012,Chinahas8557State-ownedminingenterprisesandover200thousandsindividuallyownedenterprises.Theareaofdestroyedlandinminingareaaddsupto29thousandkm^2andgrowsattherateof2%eachyear(LiaoL-P,Gao.HandYuX-J,2012).Theminingindustryhasscoredtremendousachievements,butmeanwhileitthreatenstheenvironment.Someindividuallyownedenterpriseslacktheawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandtakenopreventivemeasuretolowertheircost.Furthermore,out-of-dateequipmentandpoortechnologycausehugewasteinproduction,whichcauseseriousenvironmentalpollution.
Thedestructiononlandresources
Stripminingandthepilingoftailingsandwasteresidueoccupiesanddestroyslargeland.Inchina,thewaste-occupiedlandinminingareaaddsupto59thousandkm^2andtheresultingdeforestationareaaddsupto11thousandkm^2(MaX-Q,HuangB-L,2010).StripminingcanresultinthedestructionoflandsurfaceandLandSubsidenceandacceleratethewaterandsoillosses.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,bytheyearof2011,intheminingareaofwesternChina,theSoilerosionareaannuallyincreases20km^2.
Theincreaseoftheriskofgeologicaldisaster
Theconstructionofminingengineeringcansignificantlychangethelandforminminingarea.Diggingtoacertaindepthwillthreatenthestabilityofhillsideandeasilyinducesomegeologicaldisasters,suchaslandslip,collapse,debrisflow,surfacesubsidenceandevenearthquake(CaoF-G,2007).Forexample,4tonsofwaterwillbedrainedoffwhen1tonofcoalismined.Thelossofgroundwaterexertshugepressureonearthcrust(Gibowicz,1999).InChina,therearenearly2000sinkholesandthecollapseareaaddsupto1150km^2.Almost40oftheminingcitiesinChinahaveCave-inaccident,whichthreatensthelifeofmineoperatorsandcauseheavypropertyloss,about120milliondollarsonaverageeachyear.
Theinfluenceonwaterresource
Deepminingengineeringwillinfluencethesurfacewaterresourcesandgroundwaterresources.Excessivegroundwaterextractioncancausethedropofwaterlevel,someproblemsonwatersupplyandlandsubsidence(AuclairAD,2008).Thequalitysurfacewaterwilldecreaseandthecourseofrivermightbechanged.Insome
droughtregion,thedropofgroundwaterlevelcanleadtothedeathoflandvegetation(BeckerM,2005).Moreseriously,hugeamountsofindustrialwaterarerequiredto
3/
3
supportoverexploitationinmineral-abundantregionandmostofthewaterisdrawnfromagriculturalwater,whichinterferestheagriculturalproduction(ShiX-H,2009).
Thelossofbiodiversity
Soildegradation,environmentalpollution,theemissionofwasteandvegetationclearingarefataltothebiodiversityinminingarea.Afterthelossofbiodiversity,somehigh-resistantspeciescanstillinhabittheabandonedlandinminingarea,butbecauseofthebarrensoilandthedeficiencyofmicroorganismactivity,therecoveryofecosystemusuallyneed10-50years(XiaoH-L,2011).Thelossofbiodiversityinsomedamagedecosystemsisevenirreversible.
Thesolutionofthedisposalofsolidwasteresidue
Solidwasteresidueisthebiggestpolluterinminingareaandthedisposalofitstillplaguesthegovernmentandminingenterprises,soitdeservesaseparatediscussion.Theheavymetalioninsolidwasteisthemostharmfulsubstance.Oncecontactingwatersource,theseionswilldissolve,makingthewatercorrosiveandtoxic,anditisverydifficulttoextractthemfromthewater(FAO,2004).
Hightechnologyofferstwonewmethodstosolvethisproblem.Oneismicroorganismtechnology.Theremovalofheavymetalionsbymicroorganismisanewapplicabletechnique.Varioustypesofbiomass,includingbacteria,fungi,yeastandalgaehavebeenevaluatedfortheirheavymetaluptakeproperties.Themostprominentfeaturesofbiosorptionaretheuseoflowcostbiomassmaterialandthehighefficiencyofsomebiomasstouptakeheavymetalsinverylowconcentration(JoseT.Matheickal,2001).
Anotheroneisnewcorrosion-resistingclay.Thiskindofclayistoughened,innocuousandenvironmental-friendly.Intheprocessofdisposingthewasteresidue,theclaywillbefirstmadeintomud.Theclaymudcoversthesurfaceofwasteresidueandafteritdriesout,theclaywillbecomeawaterprooflayerandcanresistthecorrosionofanysubstanceinthesoil.Thenthewasteresiduecanbesequesteredundergroundsafely(Moore,2005).
However,Zhu.J.Jhaspointedoutthepossibleresistanceoftheimplementationofthesemethods.ThereisalackofrelatedProfessionalStaff.Disposingthewasteresidueinhigh-techmethodswillincreasethecostofenterprises(ZhuJ-J,2009).What’smore,someindividually-ownedenterprisesareevenignorantoftheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection,sotheymaybecompletelyuninterestedinthesehandlingmethods.
SummaryandTips
Alongwiththeenhancingofthepeople'sawarenessoftheenvironment,theenvironmentalmanagementhasbecomeindispensableinthedevelopmentofminingindustry.Somerelativerules,regulations,andstandardsshowbeputontoestablishamorerationalWorkingmechanism.Ifthedevelopmentconditionoftheminingindustryimproves,theminingenterpriseswillnolongerpursueprofitatthecostofenvironment.
References
AuclairAD.(2008).AcasesturyofforestdeclineinwesternCanadaandtheadjacentUnitedStates.Water,AirandSoilpollution53
(2):
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BeckerM.(2005).SilverfirdeclineintheVosgesmountains:
Roleofclimateandnaturalculture.Water,AirandSoilPollution48:
77-80
CaoF-G.(2007).HunanGeologyScience&Technology21
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29-31(inChinese)FAO.(2004).StateoftheWorld’sChemicalIndustry,2009.JournalofApplied
Chemistry,15(10):
195-196
Gibowicz.(1999).MagnitudeandenergyofsubterraneanshocksinUpperSilesia.
TheEarth'sInteriorStructure32(7):
14-15
JoseT.Matheickal.(2001).RemovalofHeavyMetalIonfromWastewaterbyUsingBiosorbentsfromMarineAlgae.ChineseJournalofChemistry9
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133-136
LiaoL-P,GaoH,YuX-J(2012).ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology11
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61-64(inChinese)
MaX-Q,HuangB-L.(2010).Astudyonself-poisoningeffectsofChinesefirplantation.JournalofNanjingForestryUniversity24
(1):
12-16
Moore.(2005).ChangesinstructureandcompositionofmodernIndustrialraw
materials.ModernIndustryManagement208(1/3):
223-225
ShiX-H.(2009).Rainanditsinfluenceonenvironmentalecosystem.JournalofInnerMongoliaAgriculturalUniversity21
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109-114(inChinese)
XiaoH-L.(2011).Increasedsoiltemperatureandforestdecline.TropicalSubtropicalSoilScience4(4):
246-249(inChinese)
ZhuJ-J.(2009).Areviewonfundamentalstudiesofsecondaryforestmanagement.
ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology13(12):
168-169
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