经济学原理chapter 3Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Figure3-2
b.IttakesMariatwohourstoread100pagesofsociology.Inthattime,shecouldread40pagesofeconomics.Sotheopportunitycostof100pagesofsociologyis40pagesofeconomics.
3.a.
Workersneededtomake:
OneCar
OneTonofGrain
U.S.
1/4
1/10
Japan
1/5
b.SeeFigure3-3.With100millionworkersandfourcarsperworker,ifeithereconomyweredevotedcompletelytocars,itcouldmake400millioncars.SinceaU.S.workercanproduce10tonsofgrain,iftheU.S.producedonlygrainitwouldproduce1,000milliontons.SinceaJapaneseworkercanproduce5tonsofgrain,ifJapanproducedonlygrainitwouldproduce500milliontons.Thesearetheinterceptsoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontiersshowninthefigure.Notethatsincethetradeoffbetweencarsandgrainisconstant,theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisastraightline.
Figure3-3
c.SinceaU.S.workerproduceseither4carsor10tonsofgrain,theopportunitycostof1caris2½
tonsofgrain,whichis10dividedby4.SinceaJapaneseworkerproduceseither4carsor5tonsofgrain,theopportunitycostof1caris
11/4tonsofgrain,whichis5dividedby4.Similarly,theU.S.opportunitycostof1tonofgrainis2/5cars(4dividedby10)andtheJapaneseopportunitycostof1tonofgrainis4/5cars(4dividedby5).Thisgivesthefollowingtable:
OpportunityCostof:
1Car(intermsoftonsofgraingivenup)
1TonofGrain(intermsofcarsgivenup)
21/2
2/5
11/4
4/5
d.Neithercountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcars,sincethey’reequallyproductive(thesameoutputperworker);
theU.S.hasanabsoluteadvantageinproducinggrain,sinceit’smoreproductive(greateroutputperworker).
e.Japanhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingcars,sinceithasaloweropportunitycostintermsofgraingivenup.TheU.S.hasacomparativeadvantageinproducinggrain,sinceithasaloweropportunitycostintermsofcarsgivenup.
f.Withhalftheworkersineachcountryproducingeachofthegoods,theU.S.wouldproduce200millioncars(that’s50millionworkerstimes4carseach)and500milliontonsofgrain(50millionworkerstimes10tonseach).Japanwouldproduce200millioncars(50millionworkerstimes4carseach)and250milliontonsofgrain(50millionworkerstimes5tonseach).
g.Fromanysituationwithnotrade,inwhicheachcountryisproducingsomecarsandsomegrain,supposetheU.S.changed1workerfromproducingcarstoproducinggrain.Thatworkerwouldproduce4fewercarsand10additionaltonsofgrain.ThensupposetheU.S.offerstotrade7tonsofgraintoJapanfor4cars.TheU.S.willdothisbecauseitvalues4carsat10tonsofgrain,soitwillbebetteroffifthetradegoesthrough.SupposeJapanchanges1workerfromproducinggraintoproducingcars.Thatworkerwouldproduce4morecarsand5fewertonsofgrain.Japanwilltakethetradebecauseitvalues4carsat5tonsofgrain,soitwillbebetteroff.Withthetradeandthechangeof1workerinboththeU.S.andJapan,eachcountrygetsthesameamountofcarsasbeforeandbothgetadditionaltonsofgrain(3fortheU.S.and2forJapan).Thusbytradingandchangingtheirproduction,bothcountriesarebetteroff.
4.a.Pat’sopportunitycostofmakingapizzais1/2gallonofrootbeer,sinceshecouldbrew1/2galloninthetime(2hours)ittakeshertomakeapizza.Pathasanabsoluteadvantageinmakingpizzasinceshecanmakeoneintwohours,whileittakesKrisfourhours.Kris’sopportunitycostofmakingapizzais2/3gallonsofrootbeer,sinceshecouldbrew2/3ofagalloninthetime(4hours)ittakeshertomakeapizza.SincePat’sopportunitycostofmakingpizzaislessthanKris’s,Pathasacomparativeadvantageinmakingpizza.
b.SincePathasacomparativeadvantageinmakingpizza,shewillmakepizzaandexchangeitforrootbeerthatKrismakes.
c.Thehighestpriceofpizzaintermsofrootbeerthatwillmakebothroommatesbetteroffis2/3gallonsofrootbeer.Ifthepricewerehigherthanthat,thenKriswouldprefermakingherownpizza(atanopportunitycostof2/3gallonsofrootbeer)ratherthantradingforpizzathatPatmakes.Thelowestpriceofpizzaintermsofrootbeerthatwillmakebothroommatesbetteroffis1/2gallonofrootbeer.Ifthepricewerelowerthanthat,thenPatwouldprefermakingherownrootbeer(shecanmake1/2gallonofrootbeerinsteadofmakingapizza)ratherthantradingforrootbeerthatKrismakes.
5.a.SinceaCanadianworkercanmakeeithertwocarsayearor30bushelsofwheat,theopportunitycostofacaris15bushelsofwheat.Similarly,theopportunitycostofabushelofwheatis1/15ofacar.Theopportunitycostsarethereciprocalsofeachother.
b.SeeFigure3-4.Ifall10millionworkersproducetwocarseach,theyproduceatotalof20millioncars,whichistheverticalinterceptoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.Ifall10millionworkersproduce30bushelsofwheateach,theyproduceatotalof300millionbushels,whichisthehorizontalinterceptoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.Sincethetradeoffbetweencarsandwheatisalwaysthesame,theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisastraightline.
IfCanadachoosestoconsume10millioncars,itwillneed5millionworkersdevotedtocarproduction.Thatleaves5millionworkerstoproducewheat,whowillproduceatotalof150millionbushels(5millionworkerstimes30bushelsperworker).ThisisshownaspointAonFigure3-4.
c.IftheUnitedStatesbuys10millioncarsfromCanadaandCanadacontinuestoconsume10millioncars,thenCanadawillneedtoproduceatotalof20millioncars.SoCanadawillbeproducingattheverticalinterceptoftheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.ButifCanadagets20bushelsofwheatpercar,itwillbeabletoconsume200millionbushelsofwheat,alongwiththe10millioncars.ThisisshownaspointBinthefigure.Canadashouldacceptthedealbecauseitgetsthesamenumberofcarsand50millionmorebushesofwheat.
Figure3-4
6.Thoughtheprofessorcoulddobothwritinganddatacollectionfasterthanthestudent(thatis,hehasanabsoluteadvantageinboth),histimeislimited.Iftheprofessor’scomparativeadvantageisinwriting,itmakessenseforhimtopayastudenttocollectthedata,sincethat’sthestudent’scomparativeadvantage.
7.a.EnglishworkershaveanabsoluteadvantageoverScottishworkersinproducingscones,sinceEnglishworkersproducemoresconesperhour(50vs.40).ScottishworkershaveanabsoluteadvantageoverEnglishworkersinproducingsweaters,sinceScottishworkersproducemoresweatersperhour(2vs.1).Comparativeadvantagerunsthesameway.Englishworkers,whohaveanopportunitycostof1/50sweatersperscone(1sweaterperhourdividedby50sconesperhour),haveacomparativeadvantageinsconeproductionoverScottishworkers,whohaveanopportunitycostof1/20sweaterperscone(2sweatersperhourdividedby40sconesperhour).Scottishworkers,whohaveanopportunitycostof20sconespersweater(40sconesperhourdividedby2sweatersperhour),haveacomparativeadvantageinsweaterproductionoverEnglishworkers,whohaveanopportunitycostof50sconespersweater(50sconesperhourdividedby1sweaterperhour).
b.IfEnglandandScotlanddecidetotrade,ScotlandwillproducesweatersandtradethemforsconesproducedinEngland.Atradewithapricebetween20and50sconespersweaterwillbenefitbothcountries,asthey’llbegettingthetradedgoodatalowerpricethantheiropportunitycostofproducingthegoodintheirowncountry.
c.EvenifaScottishworkerproducedjustonesweaterperhour,thecountrieswouldstillgainfromtrade,becauseScotlandwouldstillhaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingsweaters.Itsopportunitycostforsweaterswouldbehigherthanbefore(40sconespersweater,insteadof20sconespersweaterbefore).ButtherearestillgainsfromtradesinceEnglandhasahigheropportunitycost(50sconespersweater).
8.a.Technologicaladvancelowerstheopportunitycostofproducingmeatforthefarmer.Theopportunitycostofproducingapointofmeatwas2poundsofpotatoes;
it’snow1/5poundsofpotatoes.Thusthefarmer’sopportunitycostofproducingpotatoesisnow5poundsofmeat.Sincetherancher’sopportunitycostofproducingpotatoesis8poundsofmeat,thefarmerstillhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingpotatoesandtherancherstillhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingmeat.
b.Nowthefarmerwon’tbewillingtotradeapoundofpotatoesfo
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