英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析(1).docx
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英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析(1).docx
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英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析
(1)
(l/2)SectionIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
TranslatethefollowingtwopassagesintoChinese.
PartACompulsoryTranslation
第1题
"WisdomoftheCrowd":
TheMythsandRealities
Arethemanywiserthanthefew?
PhilBallexploresthelatestevidenceonwhatcanmakegroupsofpeoplesmarter—butcanalsomakethemwildlywrong.
IsTheLordoftheRingsthegreatestworkofliteratureofthe20thCentury?
IsTheShawshankRedemptionthebestmovieevermade?
Bothhavebeenawardedthesetitlesbypublicvotes.Youdon'thavetobealiteraryorfilmsnobtowonderaboutthewisdomofso-called"wisdomofthecrowd",
Inanageroutinelydenouncedasselfishlyindividualistic,it'scuriousthatagreatdealoffaithstillseemstoliewiththejudgmentofthecrowd,especiallywhenitcanapparentlybefaroffthemark.Yetthereissometruthunderpinningtheideathatthemassescanmakemoreaccuratecollectivejudgmentsthanexpertindividuals.Sowhyisacrowdsometimesrightandsometimesdisastrouslywrong?
Thenotionthatagroup'sjudgementcanbesurprisinglygoodwasmostcompellinglyjustifiedinJamesSurowiecki's2005bookTheWisdomofCrowds,andisgenerallytracedbacktoanobservationbyCharlesDarwin'scousinFrancisGaltonin1907.Galtonpointedoutthattheaverageofalltheentriesina"guesstheweightoftheox"competitionatacountryfairwasamazinglyaccurate—beatingnotonlymostoftheindividualguessesbutalsothoseofallegedcattleexperts.Thisistheessenceofthewisdomofcrowds:
theiraveragejudgmentconvergesontherightsolution.
Still,Surowieckialsopointedoutthatthecrowdisfarfrominfallible.Heexplainedthatonerequirementforagoodcrowdjudgementisthatpeople'sdecisionsareindependentofoneanother.Ifeveryoneletthemselvesbeinfluencedbyeachother'sguesses,there'smorechancethattheguesseswilldrifttowardsamisplacedbias.Thisunderminingeffectofsocialinfluencewasdemonstratedin2011byateamattheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology(ETH)inZurich.Theyaskedgroupsofparticipantstoestimatecertainquantitiesingeographyorcrime,aboutwhichnoneofthemcouldbeexpectedtohaveperfectknowledgebutallcouldhazardaguess—thelengthoftheSwiss-Italianborder,forexample,ortheannualnumberofmurdersinSwitzerland.Theparticipantswereofferedmodestfinancialrewardsforgoodgroupguesses,tomakesuretheytookthechallengeseriously.
Theresearchersfoundthat,astheamountofinformationparticipantsweregivenabouteachother'sguessesincreased,therangeoftheirguessesgotnarrower;andthecentreofthisrangecoulddriftfurtherfromthetruevalue.Inotherwords,thegroupsweretendingtowardsaconsensus,tothedetrimentofaccuracy.
Thisfindingchallengesacommonviewinmanagementandpoliticsthatitisbesttoseekconsensusingroupdecisionmaking.Whatyoucanendupwithinsteadisherdingtowardsarelativelyarbitraryposition.Justhowarbitrarydependsonwhatkindofpoolofopinionsyoustartoffwith,accordingtosubsequentworkbyoneoftheETHteam,FrankSchweitzer;andhiscolleagues.Theysaythatifthegroupgenerallyhasgoodinitialjudgement,socialinfluencecanrefineratherthandegradetheircollectivedecision.
Nooneshouldneedwarningaboutthedangersofherdingamongpoorlyinformeddecision-makers:
copycatbehaviourhasbeenwidelyregardedasoneofthemajorcontributingfactorstothefinancialcrisis,andindeedtoallfinancialcrisesofthepast.
TheSwissteamcommentedthatthisdetrimentalherdingeffectislikelytobeevengreaterfordecidingproblemsforwhichnoobjectivelycorrectanswerexists,whichperhapsexplainshowdemocraticcountriesoccasionallyelectsuchastonishinglyineptleaders.
There'sanotherkeyfactorthatmakesthecrowdaccurate,ornot.Ithaslongbeenarguedthatthewisestcrowdsarethemostdiverse.That'saconclusionsupportedina2004studybyScottPageoftheUniversityofMichiganandLuHongofLoyolaUniversityinChicago.
Theyshowedthat,inatheoreticalmodelofgroupdecision-making,adiversegroupofproblem-solversmadeabettercollectiveguessthanthatproducedbythegroupofbest-performingsolvers.
Inotherwords,diversemindsdobetter;whentheirdecisionsareaveraged,thanexpertminds.
Infact,here'sasituationwherealittleknowledgecanbeadangerousthing.Astudyin2011byateamledbyJosephSimmonsoftheYaleSchoolofManagementinNewHaven,ConnecticutfoundthatgrouppredictionsaboutAmericanfootballresultswereskewedawayfromtherealoutcomesbytheover-confidenceofthefans'decisions,whichbiasedthemtowardsalleged"favourites"intheoutcomesofgames.
Allofthesefindingssuggestthatknowingwhoisinthecrowd,andhowdiversetheyare,isvitalbeforeyouattributetothemanyrealwisdom.
Couldtherealsobewaystomakeanexistingcrowdwiser?
Lastmonth,AnticlineDavis-StoberoftheUniversityofMissouriandhisco-workerspresentedcalculationsataconferenceonCollectiveIntelligencethatprovideafewanswers.
Theyfirstrefinedthestatisticaldefinitionofwhatitmeansforacrowdtobewise—when,exactly,someaggregateofcrowdjudgmentscanbeconsideredbetterthanthoseofselectedindividuals.Thisdefinitionallowedtheresearcherstodevelopguidelinesforimprovingthewisdomofagroup.Previousworkmightimplythatyoushouldaddrandomindividualswhosedecisionsareunrelatedtothoseofexistinggroupmembers.Thatwouldbegood,butit'sbetterstilltoaddindividualswhoaren'tsimplyindependentthinkersbutwhoseviewsare"negativelycorrelated"—asdifferentaspossible—fromtheexistingmembers.Inotherwords,diversitytrumpsindependence.
Ifyouwantaccuracy,then,addthosewhomightdisagreestronglywithyourgroup.Whatdoyoureckonofthechancesthatmanagersandpoliticianswillselectsuchcontrariancandidatestojointhem?
Allthesame,armedwiththisinformationIintendtoapplyforapositionintheCabinetoftheBritishgovernment.They'dbewisenottorefuse.
下一题
(2/2)SectionIEnglish-ChineseTranslation
TranslatethefollowingtwopassagesintoChinese.
PartACompulsoryTranslation
第2题
HowmuchmoneycanbemadefromtryingtoextractoilandgasfromthelayersofshalethatliebeneathBritain?
Answeringthatisprovingtobeasurprisinglydifficultscientificquestionbecauseknowingthebasicfactsaboutshaleisnotenough.
Thelayershavebeenwellmappedforyears.Infactuntilrecentlygeologiststendedtoregardshaleascommonplace,evendull—aviewthathasobviouslychanged.
Thekeytoolisaseismicsurvey:
soundwavesaresentintothegroundandthereflectionsrevealthepatternsoftherocks.Thisdescribeswheretheshaleliesbutnotmuchmore.
Soweknow,forexample,thattheBowlandShale—whichstraddlesnorthernEngland—coversafarsmallerareathanthemassiveshaleformationsoftheUnitedStatesbutitisalsomuchthickerthantheyare.
Thatmaymeanthatitisapotentiallyricherresourceorthatitishardertoexploit.Britain'sgeologicalhistoryislongandtortured,sofoldsandfracturesdisrupttheshalelayers,creatingamorecomplexpicturethanacrosstheAtlantic.
Toassesswhatthelayersholdinvolvesanotherstep:
wellshavetobedrilledintotherocktoallowcorestobeextractedsotheshalecanbeanalysedinmoredetail.
AsEdHoughoftheBritishGeologicalSurveytoldme:
"Weknowtheareasunderthegroundwhichcontaingasandoil—whatwedon'tknowishowthatgasandoilmightbereleasedfromthedifferentunitsofrockandextracted."
"There'salotofvariabilityintheserocks—sotheircomposition,theirhistoryandthegeologicalconditionsallcomeintoplayandareallvariable."
Thatmeansthatneighbouringfrackingoperationsmightcomeupwithverydifferentresults.
InalabattheBGSnearNottingham,I'mshownasimplebuteffectiveproofthatshaledoescontainthehydrocarbons—gasandoil—attheheartofthecurrentsurgeininterest.
Afewchunksoftherockaredroppedintoabeakerofwaterandgentlyheateduntiltheyproducetinybubbleswhichriselikestringsofpearlstothesurface.
Itisasightwhichisbothbeautifulandsignificant—thebubblesaremethane,whichthegovernmenthopeswillformanewsourceofhomegrownenergy.
Thegasandoilwereformedmillionsofyearsagowhentinyplantsandotherorganismsaccumulatedonthefloorofanancientandwarmocean—atonestageBritainlayinthetropics.Thisorganicmatterwasthencompactedandcookedbynaturalgeologicalwarmthwhichtransformeditintothefuelsinsuchdemandnow.
Soonequestionisthe"totalorganiccontent"oftheshale—howmuchorganicmaterialisheldinside—andtherecanbelargevariationsinthis.
Butestablishingthattheshaleisladenwithfossilfuelsisonlyonepartofthestory.Thesamples,extractedfromdeepunderground,thenneedtobestudiedtoseehowreadilytheywouldreleasethefuels.
SotheBGSscientistsfitsmallblocksoftheshaleintodevicesthatsqueezeitandheatit—tryingtomimictheconditionsthatwouldbeexperiencedduringafrackingoperation,whenhighpressurewaterandchemicalsareinjectedintotheshaletobreakitapart.
Understandinghowtheshalebehavesisessentialtoformingajudgmentonhowlucrativeitmightprovetobe—orhowunyieldingordifficult,assomeshalecanturnouttobe.
DrCarolineGraham,aspecialistingeomechanicswiththeBGS,explainedwhattheresearchintotherocksampleswastryingtoachieve:
"Wellbeabletounderstandbetterhowlikelytheyaretoproducecertainamountsofgas,howeasilytheywillfrackandthereforeitwillgiveusafarbetterideaofhowvia
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