高中英语语法定语从句.docx
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高中英语语法定语从句.docx
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高中英语语法定语从句
Name:
Class:
高中英语语法
定语从句
一、基本概念
定语(形容词性)
形容词名词
前置定语后置定语
名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语
先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
有时是短语或者句子。
关系词
whowhomwhose
关系代词thatwhich
as
关系副词whenwherewhy
关系词的3个作用:
(1)引导定语从句。
(2)代替先行词。
(3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
五大关系
主谓动宾副动介宾偏正
(先行词与定从中的某个词之间的关系)
Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.
Thefilmwhichtheywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.
Thereasonwhyhefailedtheexaminationisthathehadnotmadeanypreparationforit.
Ilovearoomwhosewindowislarge.
ThisismyfriendWangGangaboutwhommyfathertoldmealot.
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式上
不用逗号和主句隔开
用逗号和主句隔开
意义上
是先行词不可缺少的定语,
不能删除
是对先行词的补充说明,
删除后意思仍完整
译法上
翻译成先行词的定语,“…的…”
通常翻译成主句的并列句或状从
关系词的使用上
做宾语时可省略;
可用that;
可用who代替whom
不可省;
不用that;
不用who代替whom
三、重/难/考点
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,something,few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时(重点:
常考!
)
(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4.当先行词被thevery=justthe,theonly,thelast修饰时(重点:
常考!
)
(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/
5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
(1)Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.
8.当在therebe句型中,通常情况下用that,不用which
(二)只能用which的情况:
1.在非限制性定语从句中;
2.若句中有两个定语从句,前一句用了that,后一句当用which。
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
(三)只能用who的情况:
1.在非限制性定语从句中;
2.先行词为指人的不定代词one,those,anyone,someone等时,用关系代词who
Thosewhodon’tworkhardattheirstudieswon’tpasstheexam.
Heisonewhohasstrongwilltodoeverythingtohisbest.
(三)关系代词as和which之辨用
1.as和which引导限制性定语从句:
(1)as引导限制性定语从句,仅限于先行词前面有so,such,thesame,as修饰时,构成thesame/so/such/as…as结构。
其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
such+先行词+as定语从句/such…that结果状语从句
(1)HereissuchaheavystoneasIcan'tmove.
(2)HereissuchaheavystonethatIcan'tmoveit.
thesame…as/thesame…that
注意:
当先行词由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(2).as引导非限制性定语从句与which引导限制性定语从句的区别:
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
①as可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
②as有“正如……,正像……”的意思;而which常译为“这一点;这件事”:
Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
Sheisverypatient,asisshowninherwork.
③which从句的先行词可以是一个名词,as从句的先行词只能是句子:
Thebook,whichIboughtyesterday,isveryinteresting.
④当从句的谓动为否定或带有复合结构时,一般用which不宜用as。
Youpretendedtoknowme,whichIdidn’tunderstand.
Headmireseveryoneintheclass,whichIfindquitestrange.
⑤as在从句中作主语时,后常接被动语态。
beknown,besaid,bereported,beannounced…
与之连用的词有know,see,expect,announce,pointout等.记住以下结构:
⑥as常用于以下习语:
asiswellknownaswasexpectedashasbeensaidbefore;
asweallcanseeasmaybeimaginedashasbeenalreadypointedout
as(it)oftenhappensasisoftenthecaseasisknowntoall
asismentionedaboveasIremember
(四)“介词+关系代词(which/whom)”引导的定从
在限定性定从中,
①若介词在前,关系代词不能省略
②若介词在后,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词宾语,且可省略。
that
Thisistheherowhoweareproudof.
whom
/
that
ThisisthepenwhichIwrotetheletterwith.
/
不可拆分的“动介”短语:
carefor喜欢;关心sendfor派人去请
dealwith处理;对付seeto照管;料理
lookfor/after寻找/照顾hearfrom/of收到某人的来信/听说
getthrough通过;到达;接通电话
(五)oneofthe…+定语从句/the(adj.)oneofthe…+定语从句
用was,were填空:
(1)Heisoneoftheboyswho______lateforschoolthismorning.
(2)Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswho______lateforschoolthismorning.
(六)定语从句和其他句型的辨别
a.定从与同位从
1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.
2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分
(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.
(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以
(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位语
(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.
(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.
(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.
b.并列句/定语从句/独立主格
(1)TherearetwoboysinPeter'soffice,bothofwhomarewhite.
(2)TherearetwoboysinPeter'soffice,andbothofthemarewhite.
(3)TherearetwoboysinPeter’soffice,bothofthemwhite.
Therebeingnobuses,wehadtowalkbackhome.(Becausetherewerenobuses,…)
Iftimepermits,wecandoitbetter.→Timepermitting,…
Iftimehadpermitted,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.→Timepermitting,…
c.定语从句/状语从句
(1)Thiskindofplantgrowsbestattheplaceswhereitiswarmandwet.
(2)Thiskindofplantgrowsbestwhereitiswarmandwet.
d.as+非限制性定语从句/Itis…that主语从句
(1)Asisknowntousall,thelightontheearthisgivenbythesun.
(2)Itisknowntousallthatthelightontheearthisgivenbythesun.
(3)Whatisknowntousallisthatthelightisgivenbythesun.
e.疑问句中带定语从句区分:
Isthismuseum…/Isthisthemuseum…
用theone,where,that或which填空:
(1)Isthismuseum______wevisitedlastyear?
What引导的名从可以改为“先行词+that定从”
(2)Isthisthemuseum______wevisitedlastyear?
分析:
碰到以疑问句形式出现的题目,做题方法一般是采取“还原法”,就是把疑问句按陈述句的逻辑还原;这里要掌握英语中一个名词短语的常识:
“可数名词单数的前面必须有限定词(a/the;this/that;his/Tom’s;数词等)”,从而判定第一句并非为Thisismuseum,而应该是Thismuseumis….
实战演练
一、选词填空
Ⅰ.A.whomB.themC.theyD.who
1.MrSmithhasthreesons,noneof_______isacomputerexpert.
2.Hehasthreesisters,_______aredoctors.
3.ShehasthreeCDs,butnoneof______isinteresting.
4.Ihavemanyfriends,andallof_______areniceandfriendly.
5.MissYanghassomerelativeshere;______likeherverymuch.
Ⅱ.A.whereB.whichC.inwhichD.that
1.Ricegrowswell________thereisenoughwater.
2.Iknowtheuniversity______myparentsworkedtenyearsago.
3.Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatheatre.
4.Thehospital_______MrLiwasoperatedoninhastakenonanewlook.
Ⅲ.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.who
1.Itisonasummerafternoon____hemetLiangWeifromShanghai.
2.Isitonthefarm____MrWanglives?
3.Itisthefarm____MrWanglives.
4.IsitLangWeiwei____isspeakingtoaforeigner?
二、根据句子意思,在第一个空白处填入介词,在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:
1.Theperson________________IspokejustnowisthemanagerthatItoldyouabout.
2.Thepencil________________hewaswritingbroke.
3.WuDong,________________Iwenttotheconcert,enjoyeditverymuch.
4.Thetwothings________________MarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofEnglish.
5.Herbag,________________sheputallherbooks,hasnotbeenfound.
6.ThestoriesabouttheLongMarch,________________thisisoneexample,arewellwritten.
三、选择填空:
1.Doyourememberthosedays____wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?
A.whenB.whereC.whichD.who
2.Tomdidnottakeawaythecamerabecauseitwasjustthesamecamera____helostlastweek.
A.whichB.thatC.whomD.as
3.Those____wanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.
A.whomB.whichC.whoD.when
4.Whoisthewoman____issweepingtheflooroverthere?
A.whoB./C.thatD.when
5.Theman____youaregoingtomakefriendsismyfather’sneighbour.
A.withwhomB.whenC.towhomD.which
6.Thedoctor____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.
A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.whomthenurseistalking
C.thenurseistalkingtoD.whothenurseistalking
破解:
见到“名词+sb”的结构,只要该名词并未修饰sb,则从sb开始一定是定从,且前面的名词在定从中一定做宾语,并且省略了关系代词
7.Theman____aroundourschoolisfromAmerica.
A.whichyoushowedB.youshowedhim
C.youshowedD.whereyoushowed
8.Thisisthewayhethoughtof____theproblem.
A.solvingB.tosolveC.solvedD.havingsolved
9.Hetalkedaboutahero____noonehadeverheard.
A.ofwhomB.fromwhomC.aboutthatD.who
10.InfacttheSwededidnotunderstandthethreequestions____wereaskedinFrench.
A.whereB.whoC.inwhichD.which
11.Finally,thethiefhandedovereverything____hehadstolentothepolice.
A.thatB.whichC.whateverD.all
思路点拨
一个句号内有“两句话”,有三种可能:
(1)用and/but/or/分号/破折号连接的“并列句”,2者语法上无关系。
(2)“主从复合句”:
其中一句不变,做主句;另一句用“引导词”引导,是从句。
2者语法有联系。
(3)“独立主格”:
一句不变,做主句;另一句句首也不变,但“谓语”部分变为“非谓语动词”甚至不用动词。
(很多时候“独立主格”都是由“状语从句”变化而来)
Therebeingnobuses,theyhadtowalkback
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