CivilRights美国民权运动背景知识.docx
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CivilRights美国民权运动背景知识.docx
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CivilRights美国民权运动背景知识
Civil-Rights-美国民权运动背景知识
CivilRightsMovementintheUnitedStates
CivilRightsMovementintheUnitedStates, political, legal, andsocialstrugglebyblackAmericanstogainfullcitizenshiprightsandtoachieveracialequality.Thecivilrightsmovementwasfirstandforemostachallengetosegregation,thesystemoflawsandcustomsseparatingblacksandwhitesthatwhitesusedtocontrolblacksafterslaverywasabolishedinthe1860s.Duringthecivilrightsmovement,individualsandcivilrightsorganizationschallengedsegregationanddiscriminationwithavarietyofactivities,includingprotestmarches,boycotts,andrefusaltoabidebysegregationlaws.ManybelievethatthemovementbeganwiththeMontgomerybusboycottin1955andendedwiththeVotingRightsActof1965,thoughthereisdebateaboutwhenitbeganandwhetherithasendedyet.ThecivilrightsmovementhasalsobeencalledtheBlackFreedomMovement,theNegroRevolution,andtheSecondReconstruction.
Segregation
Southernerstoseparatetheracesineverysphereoflifeandtoachievesupremacyoverblacks.SegregationwasoftencalledtheJimCrowsystem,afteraminstrelshowcharacterfromthe1830swhowasanold,crippled,blackslavewhoembodiednegativestereotypesofblacks.SegregationbecamecommoninSouthernstatesfollowingtheendofReconstructionin1877.DuringReconstruction,whichfollowedtheCivilWar(1861-1865),RepublicangovernmentsintheSouthernstateswererunbyblacks,Northerners,andsomesympatheticSoutherners.TheReconstructiongovernmentshadpassedlawsopeningupeconomicandpoliticalopportunitiesforblacks.By1877theDemocraticPartyhadgainedcontrolofgovernmentintheSouthernstates,andtheseSouthernDemocratswantedtoreverseblackadvancesmadeduringReconstruction.Tothatend,theybegantopasslocalandstatelawsthatspecifiedcertainplaces“ForWhitesOnly”andothersfor“Colored.”Blackshadseparateschools,transportation,restaurants,andparks,manyofwhichwerepoorlyfundedandinferiortothoseofwhites.Overthenext75years,JimCrowsignswentuptoseparatetheracesineverypossibleplace.
The system of segregationalsoincludedthedenialofvotingrights,knownasdisfranchisement.Between1890and1910allSouthernstatespassedlawsimposingrequirementsforvotingthatwereusedtopreventblacksfromvoting,inspiteofthe15thAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,whichhadbeendesignedtoprotectblackvotingrights.Theserequirementsincluded:
theabilitytoreadandwrite,whichdisqualifiedthemanyblackswhohadnothadaccesstoeducation;propertyownership,somethingfewblackswereabletoacquire;andpayingapolltax,whichwastoogreataburdenonmostSouthernblacks,whowereverypoor.Asafinalinsult,thefewblackswhomadeitoverallthesehurdlescouldnotvoteintheDemocraticprimariesthatchosethecandidatesbecausetheywereopenonlytowhitesinmostSouthernstates.
Because blacks could notvote,theywerevirtuallypowerlesstopreventwhitesfromsegregatingallaspectsofSouthernlife.Theycoulddolittletostopdiscriminationinpublicaccommodations,education,economicopportunities,orhousing.TheabilitytostruggleforequalitywasevenunderminedbytheprevalentJimCrowsigns,whichconstantlyremindedblacksoftheirinferiorstatusinSouthernsociety.Segregationwasanallencompassingsystem.
Conditions for blacksinNorthernstatesweresomewhatbetter,thoughupto1910onlyabout10percentofblackslivedintheNorth,andpriortoWorldWarII(1939-1945),veryfewblackslivedintheWest.BlackswereusuallyfreetovoteintheNorth,butthereweresofewblacksthattheirvoiceswerebarelyheard.SegregatedfacilitieswerenotascommonintheNorth,butblackswereusuallydeniedentrancetothebesthotelsandrestaurants.SchoolsinNewEnglandwereusuallyintegrated,butthoseintheMidwestgenerallywerenot.PerhapsthemostdifficultpartofNorthernlifewastheintenseeconomicdiscriminationagainstblacks.TheyhadtocompetewithlargenumbersofrecentEuropeanimmigrantsforjobopportunitiesandalmostalwayslost.
CompanyE,4thU.S.ColoredInfantry
Blacksoldiersfoughtinsegregatedall-blackunits,suchasthisone,duringtheAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865).AlmostallblacksoldiersfoughtfortheUnionarmy,andtheyservedinnearly500engagements.Twenty-fourblacksoldiersandsailorswereawardedtheMedalofHonorforbravery,theU.S.military’shighesthonor.
SegregationandViolence
KuKluxKlan
FormerConfederatesoldiersfoundedtheKuKluxKlan(KKK)aftertheAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865).TheKKKusedviolenceandintimidationtopreventblacksfromvotingandholdingoffice,andtokeepthemsegregated.
Throughout the South,segregationhadthesupportofthelegalsystemandthepolice.Beyondthelaw,however,therewasalwaysthethreatofterroristviolenceagainstblackswhoattemptedtochallengeorevenquestiontheestablishedorder.DuringReconstruction,theKuKluxKlan(KKK),theKnightsoftheWhiteCamellia,andotherterroristorganizationsmurderedthousandsofblacksandsomewhitesinordertopreventthemfromvotingandparticipatinginpubliclife.TheKKKwasfoundedinthewinterof1865to1866byaformerConfederategeneraltostopbothblacksandNorthernersfromcarryingouttheirgovernmentandsocialreforms.TheKlanandotherwhiteterroristgroupsdirectedtheirviolenceagainstblacklandowners,politicians,andcommunityleaders,aswellaswhiteswhosupportedtheRepublicanPartyorracialequality.DuringReconstructiononlythepresenceoftheU.S.Armypreventedmassivekillings;however,therewereneverenoughsoldierstostoptheviolence.Forexample,in1876and1877mobsofwhites,ledbyformerConfederategenerals,killedscoresofblacksinSouthCarolinatopreventthemfromvotingorholdingoffice.
SchoolDesegregation
DesegregationinLittleRock
In1957nineblackstudentsdesegregatedLittleRock,Arkansas’sCentralHighSchool,despitestrongresistancebymanywhitemembersofthecommunity.PresidentDwightEisenhowercalledoutfederaltroopstoenforcethedesegregationandtoensurethesafetyofthestudents.Shownherearesixofthe“LittleRockNine.”Withthem,inthecenterofthepicture,areThurgoodMarshall,thenalawyerfortheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)andDaisyBates,presidentoftheLittleRockNAACP.
In the postwar years,theNAACP'slegalstrategyforcivilrightscontinuedtosucceed.LedbyThurgoodMarshall,theNAACPLegalDefenseFundchallengedandoverturnedmanyformsofdiscrimination,buttheirmainthrustwasequaleducationalopportunities.Forexample,inSweatv.Painter(1950),theSupremeCourtdecidedthattheUniversityofTexashadtointegrateitslawschool.MarshallandtheDefenseFundworkedwithSouthernplaintiffstochallengethePlessydoctrinedirectly,arguingineffectthatseparatewasinherentlyunequal.TheU.S.SupremeCourtheardargumentsonfivecasesthatchallengedelementary-andsecondary-schoolsegregation,andinMay1954issueditslandmarkrulinginBrownv.BoardofEducationthatstatedthatraciallysegregatededucationwasunconstitutional.
MontgomeryBusBoycott
Despite the threats andviolence,thestrugglequicklymovedbeyondschooldesegregationtochallengesegregationinotherareas.OnDecember1,1955,RosaParks,amemberoftheMontgomery,Alabama,branchoftheNAACP,wastoldtogiveupherseatonacitybustoawhiteperson.WhenParksrefusedtomove,shewasarrested.ThelocalNAACP,ledbyEdgarD.Nixon,recognizedthatthearrestofParksmightrallylocalblackstoprotestsegregatedbuses.Montgomery'sblackcommunityhadlongbeenangryabouttheirmistreatmentoncitybuseswherewhitedriverswereoftenrudeandabusive.Thecommunityhadpreviouslyconsideredaboycottofthebuses,andalmostovernightonewasorganized.TheMontgomerybusboycottwasanimmediatesuccess,withvirtuallyunanimoussupportfromthe50,000blacksinMontgomery.ItlastedformorethanayearanddramatizedtotheAmericanpublicthedeterminationofblacksintheSouthtoendsegregation.InNovember1956theSupremeCourtupheldafederalcourtdecisionthatruledthebussegregationunconstitutional.ThedecisionwentintoeffectDecember20,1956,andtheblackcommunityofMontgomeryendeditsboycottthenextday.
RosaParks
In1955RosaParkswasarrestedfordisobeyingasegregationlawinMontgomery,Alabama,thatrequiredhertogiveupherseatonabustoawhiteperson.Herboldactionhelpedtostimulateprotestsagainstinequality.Theblacksinthecommunityorganizedaboycottofthebussystem.Theboycott,whichwasledbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.,forcedcityofficialstorepealthediscriminatorylaw.
Sit-ins
Sit-InsinGreensboro,NorthCarolina
In1960fourblackcollegestudentswalkedintoaWoolworthstoreinGreensboro,NorthCarolina,andsatdownatthelunchcounter,whichwasforwhitecustomersonly.Thestudentswaitedtobeserveduntilthestoreclosedfortheday.Forthenextsixdays,agrowingnumberofstudentsjoinedthesit-insuntilWoolworthcloseditsdoors.Thenthestudentsdecidedtosuspendthesit-insfortwoweekstogivestoresinthecommunitythechancetodesegregate.
FreedomRiders
BurnedBusinAnniston,Alabama
FreedomRiderssitbytheirbuswhichhadbeenburnedbyawhitemobinAnniston,Alabama.Severaloftheriderswerebeatenbythemob.FreedomRidersbegantravelingthroughtheSouthin1961totrytodesegregateSouthernbusstations.
CivilRightsMarch,1963
The national civil rightsleadershipde
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