Magnetic Fields in O, B, and A Stars.pdf

Magnetic Fields in O, B, and A Stars.pdf

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AASIIOPAstronomyMagneticFieldsin0,B,andAStarsAASEditorinChiefAMERICANbkrnASTRONOMICAL10PIeoosSOCIETYEthanVishniac,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Maryland,USAAbouttheprogram:

AAS-IOPAstronomyebooksistheofficialbookprogramoftheAmericanAstronomicalSociety（AAS）,andaimstoshareindepththemostfascinatingareasofastronomy,astrophysics,solarphysicsandplanetaryscience.Theprogramincludespublicationsinthefollowingtopics:

GALAXIESANDCOSMOLOGYHIGH-ENERGYPHENOMENAANDFUNDAMENTALPHYSICSINTERSTELLARMATTERANDTHELOCALUNIVERSETHESUNANDTHEHELIOSPHERESTARSANDSTELLARPHYSICSTHESOLARSYSTEM,EXOPLANETS,ANDASTROBIOLOGY0EDUCATION,OUTREACH,ANDHERITAGELABORATORYASTROPHYSICS,INSTRUMENTATION,SOFTWARE,ANDDATABooksintheprogramrangeinlevelfromshortintroductorytextsonfast-movingareas,graduateandupper-levelundergraduatetextbooks,researchmonographsandpracticalhandbooks.Foracompletelistofpublishedandforthcomingtitles,pleasevisitiopscience.org/books/aas.AbouttheAmericanAstronomicalSocietyTheAmericanAstronomicalSociety（aas.org）,established1899,isthemajororganizationofprofessionalastronomersinNorthAmerica.Themembership（7,000）alsoincludesphysicists,mathematicians,geologists,engineersandotherswhoseresearchinterestsliewithinthebroadspectrumofsubjectsnowcomprisingthecontemporaryastronomicalsciences.ThemissionoftheSocietyistoenhanceandsharehumanitysscientificunderstandingoftheuniverse.EditorialAdvisoryBoardSteveKawalerIowaStateUniversity,USAEthanVishniacJohnsHopkinsUniversity,USADieterHartmannClemsonUniversity,USAPietMartensGeorgiaStateUniversity,USADawnGelinoNASAExoplanetScienceInstitute,Caltech,USAJoanNajitaNationalOpticalAstronomyObservatory,USADanielSavinColumbiaUniversity,USAStacyPalenWeberStateUniversity,USAJasonBarnesUniversityofIdaho,USAJamesCordesCornellUniversity,USAMagneticFieldsin0,B,andAStarsSwetlanaHubrigLeibniz-InstitutfurAstrophysikPotsdam（AIP）,Potsdam,GermanyMarkusSchollerEuropeanSouthernObservatory（ESQ）,Garching,GermanyIOPPublishing,Bristol,UKIOPPublishingLtd2021Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylaworundertermsagreedwiththeappropriaterightsorganization.MultiplecopyingispermittedinaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,theCopyrightClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganizations.PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesoughtatpermissionsioppublishing.org.SwetlanaHubrigandMarkusSchollerhaveassertedtheirrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.ISBN978-0-7503-2392-5（ebook）ISBN978-0-7503-2390-1（print）ISBN978-0-7503-2393-2（myPrint）ISBN978-0-7503-2391-8（mobi）DOI10.1088/2514-3433/abefccVersion:

20210601AAS-IOPAstronomyISSN2514-3433（online）ISSN2515-141X（print）BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:

AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,LondonIOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,Bristol,BSl6HG,UKUSOffice:

IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia,PA19106,USAToourgrandmothers.PrefaceAuthorBiographiesSymbolsAcronyms1IntroductionReferencesContents2BasicsofStellarMagneticFieldStudies2.1IntroductiontotheField2.2TheStokesFormalism2.3TheObliqueRotatorModel2.4TheZeemanEffect2.5Broad-bandLinearPolarisation2.6MagneticFieldModulus2.7Autocorrelation2.8SpectralLineMomentsinStokesIandStokesV2.9Low-resolutionCorrelations2.10LSDandSVDTechniques2.11Zeeman-DopplerImagingReferencesxiixiiixivxv1-11-42-12-12-22-32-42-82-102-132-132-142-182-202-213ObservingMagneticFields3-13.1StellarCharacteristicsasIndirectMagneticFieldTracers3-13.2LimitationsoftheVariousObservingandModellingTechniques3-63.3AdverseEffectsintheReductionandMagneticFieldMeasurement3-9TechniquesReferences4Ap/BpStars4.1GeneralBackground4.2Abundances4.3Rotation4.4PulsatingApStarsIX3-164-14-14-54-84-10MagneticFieldsin0,B,andAStars4.5Multiplicity4-174.6MagneticFieldOriginandEvolutionoftheField4-20StrengthandGeometryReferences4-2650-andEarlyB-typeStars5-15.1GeneralBackground5-15.2MagneticOStars5-25.2.1Small-scaleMagneticFields5-95.2.2BiasesintheStudiedSamplesofO-typeStars5-155.3MagneticEarly-BStars5-165.4Magnetospheres5-225.5RRMStars5-265.6SpacePhotometry:

Long-andShort-termVariability5-285.7MagneticFieldOriginandEvolutionoftheFieldStrength5-31References5-336HerbigAe/BeStars6-16.1GeneralBackground6-16.2MagneticFieldStudiesofHerbigAe/BeStars6-36.3MagnetosphericAccretioninHerbigAe/BeStars6-166.4MagneticFieldStudiesofVega-likeStars6-216.5MagneticFieldOrigin6-236.6FutureProspectsinMagneticStudiesofHerbigAe/BeStars6-28References6-297OtherObjects7-17.1HgMnStars7-17.1.1SpectroscopicVariability7-37.1.2ThePresenceofMagneticFields7-107.1.3ScenariosforWeakMagneticFieldGenerationinHgMnStars7-177.2PGaStars7-197.3AmStars7-207.4NormalandSuperficiallyNormalAandBStars7-207.5SlowlyPulsatingBand/JCepheiStars7-227.6BeStars7-28X7.77.88MagneticFieldsin0,B,andAStarsHigh-massX-rayBinaries7.7.1ClassicalHMXBswithSupergiantCompanions7.7.2SupergiantFastX-rayTransientsWolf-RayetStarsReferencesFinalRemarksReferencesXl7-337-337-347-387-438-18-3PrefaceThelastdecadeshaveseenasignificantstepforwardinourunderstandingoftheoccurrenceofmagneticfieldsinstarswithradiativeenvelopes,inparticularinmassivestarsandinintermediatemassstarsatearlyevolutionarystages.Massivestarsdeterminedtheearlyevolutionoftheuniversebydrivingenergeticphysicalprocessesthataffectedthestructureofentiregalaxiesandchemicallyenrichedtheinterstellarmedium.WhileanumberofB-typestarsweredetectedasmagneticalreadymorethanhalfacenturyback,thefirstmagneticfielddetectionsinO-typestarswereachievedlessthantwodecadesago,eventhoughtheexistenceofmagneticO-typestarshadbeensuspectedforalongtime.ThepresenceofmagneticfieldshasthepotentialtochangeourwholepictureabouttheevolutionfromOstarsviaWRstarstosupernovaeorgamma-raybursts.Intermediatemassstarsatearlyevolutionarystages,thepre-mainsequenceHerbigAe/Bestars,aresurroundedbylargeamountsofcircumstellargasanddust,makingithardtomeasuretheirmagneticfields,whicharetypicallyoneorderofmagnitudeweakercomparedtothefieldsoftheirlower-masspre-mainsequencecounterpartTTauristars.Understandingtheinteractionbetweenthecentralstars,theirmagneticfields,andtheirprotoplanetarydisksiscrucialforreconstructingthesolarsystemshistory,andtoaccountforthediversityofexo-planetarysystems.Majorprogressinthestudiesofstellarmagnetismbecamepossibleduetotheinstallationofhigh-resolutionspectropolarimetersat2-4mclasstelescopes,suchasNarval,ESPaDOnS,andHARPS.Notably,theavailabilityoftheFOcalReducerlowdispersionSpectrographsFORSIandFORS2inspectropolarimetricmodemountedonthe8mVeryLargeTelescopeallowedastronomerstoaccessmassivestarseveningalaxiesinourneighbourhood.Studiesofstellarmagneticfieldspresentadifficultandchallengingpartofastrophysics.Theaimofthisbookistopresentthecurrentknowledgeofstellarmagnetismacrossobservationalandtheoreticalstudies.Wealsotriedtolayapaththatwillallowscientiststoexpandourknowledgeofstellarmagnetisminthefuture.Further,challengesresultingfromcurrentstudiesandprioritiesforfuturestudiesarediscussed,soastoprovidethenecessaryinputforthefurtherprogressintheunderstandingofthemagneticfieldoriginandtheroleofmagneticfieldsforthestudyofstellarevolution.Wenotethatthisbookrepresentstheauthorsperspective,andshouldnotbeconsideredasanexhaustivereviewcoveringthefullscopeoftheliterature.Anumberofmagneticstudiesdescribedinthebookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheinvaluableeffortsofourcolleaguesandlong-standingcollaboratorsGautierMathys,JorgeFedericoGonzalez,SilvaP.Jarvinen,IlyaIlyin,CharlesR.Cowley,DonW.Kurtz,AlexanderF.Kholtygin,S.DrewChojnowski,MarylineBriquet,ThorstenA.Carroll,ChristianA.Hummel,BeateStelzer,NataliaA.Drake,ZdenekMikulasek,ManfredKuker.IgorS.Savanov,andMikhailA.Pogodin,amongothers.ParticulargratitudeisduetoFiorellaCastelliforhermanyyearsofcollaboration.Shesadlypassedawayfartooearly.XllAuthorBiographiesSwetlanaHubrigSwetlanaHubrigstudiedastronomyattheSt.PetersburguniversityandstartedherprofessionalworkattheZentralinstitutfiirAstrophysikinPotsdam,wheresheobtainedherPhDin1989.Duringthe1990s,sheheldseveralpositionsandgrants,bothatthePotsdamuniversityandtheAstrophysikalischesInstitutPotsdam（AIP）,habilitatingattheuniversityin2000.From2001,sheworkedasoperationsstaffastronomerfortheEuropeanSouthernObservatoryontheVeryLargeTelescope,untilshemovedbacktotheLeibniz-InstitutfiirAstrophysikPotsdamtobecometheheadofthestellarphysicsandstellaractivitydepartmentin2009.Swetlanaisworkingonmanyaspectsofthemagnetisminstarsandisanexp