1、土木外文文献与翻译新奥法NATM隧道设计剖析NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major and Construction TechnologyW.BroereI.The NATM Design Principle1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development processSince the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand
2、, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it wi
3、ll be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each others problems. Tunnels and undergr
4、ound caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (c
5、oncept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems. A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional load relaxation theory. Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need sho
6、ring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principes and others. It works similar to the surface is
7、sues of the thinking is still widely used to. Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or rock for the theory. Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their own self-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this
8、process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to
9、 consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects. Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more a
10、ttention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the repr
11、esentation method.2. NATM NATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles. NATM concept of fi
12、libustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many pract
13、ical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the ra
14、ilway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector
15、NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construc
16、tion must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. To this end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.（2）. In order to give full pl
17、ay to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock
18、 close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the def
19、ormation of the rock mass. （3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the
20、 stress concentration. （4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day. （5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt c
21、orrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining. （6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby i
22、mproving the support system of security. NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight.3With a spring to understand the principle NATM （1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (str
23、ess self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium. （2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough,
24、 After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of the poor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to suppo
25、rt power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium. （3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation
26、 u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+Ku Discussion : (1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic; (2) when u , PE ; When u , PE . That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the l
27、oad (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe. 4. Points（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that p
28、art of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials. （2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground. （3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.II.
29、The new Austrian highway construction in the basic methodNATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordanc
30、e with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the ec
31、onomy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a new highway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips. 1. A tunne
32、l construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering q
33、uality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection. When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected,
