1、九年级英语上册unit12知识要点概要九年级英语上册Unit12 Life is full of the unexpected.一、语法：过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去某一时间点以前即“过去的过去”已经发生的动作。Mr. Black told me that he had seen the movie three times.布莱克先生告诉我他已经把这部电影看了三遍了。（“看”在“告诉”之前）1、构成：had+动词过去分词 肯定句：主语+had+动词的过去分词+其他.否定句：主语+hadnt(had not)+动词的过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Had+主语+动词的过去分词+其他？肯定回答：Ye
2、s, 主语+had.否定回答：No, 主语+hadnt. 2、基本用法：表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。常用时间状语by + 过去的时间点“到时”；by the end of“到末（为止）”；before + 过去时间“在之前”；by then“截止到那时”；up till then“直到那时”；up till last night“直到昨晚”；when、before等引导的时间状语从句等。 I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.到昨天晚上10点钟时我就看完了这本小说。 We had l
3、earned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上个学期末我们以学了两千个英语单词。 They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 上周三之前他们已经栽了六百棵树。 When I got there，the train had left.当我到达那儿时，火车已经开了。 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。He said he had worked in that factor
4、y since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 3、过去完成时的判定： 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： by the end of“到末（为止）”；before + 过去时间“在之前”由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：1）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等
5、动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.2）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left
6、the classroom.根据上、下文来判定。I met Tao Wang in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.语法区别(一)、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1000 English wor
7、ds so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）(二)、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过
8、去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family was pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition co
9、mpetition.二、课文知识要点：1、Life is full of the unexpected. 生活充满了意外。be full of = be filled with充满，装满 The bottle is full of water .瓶子里装满了水。 Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪汪汪的。expect v.“预料、盼望”unexpected adj. “出乎意料的；始料不及的”expect及物动词，“预料、盼望、预计、预料”；常见用法： 1)expect + n./pron.“预计可能发生；期待某人/某物” We should not expect
10、success overnight. 我们不能期望一夜之间就取得成功。 I expect a snowstorm.我预计有一场暴风雪。 2)expect to do sth.“料想做某事” I didnt expect to find you here. 我没料到在这里碰到你。 3)expect sb. to do sth.“期望某人做某事” He expected her to go with him. 他期望她同他一起去。 Do you expect him to teach you English？你希望他教你英语吗？ 4)expect + 从句“预计、料想” I expect that
11、 I will be back on Sunday. 我预计星期日回来。 I dont expect that he has done such a thing. 我预料他不会干出这种事来。 the unexpected “ 意外的事情，出乎意料的事”； the adj.表示一类人或事物。英语中，有些形容词与定冠词the连用，表示一类人或事物，在句子中起名词的作用。the homeless 无家可归者 the disabled残疾人the deaf 聋人 the dead 死者 the blind 盲人 the young 年轻人 the weak 弱者 the old 老人 the stro
12、ng 强者 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员2、By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 当我出来时，公共汽车已经离开了。 by the time “在以前”，指从过去的某一点到从句所示的时间为止，常引导表示过去的时间状语从句。如果从句的谓语动词是一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时，即had+动词过去分词。 By the time I got up, he had already left. 当我起床时，他已经离开了。 By the time he returned home，the rain had stoppe
13、d.等他回到家时，雨已经停了。如果从句的谓语动词为一般现在时或现在完成时（表示将来），那么主句的谓语动词常用将来完成时，即will have+动词过去分词。 By the time John finishes his home work，his classmates will have left to play football. 到约翰做完作业时，他的同学将以离开去踢足球去了。 比较：by now 表示“到现在为止”，通常与现在完成时连用。 By now I have collected 200 dolls. 到现在为止，我已收集了二百个布娃娃。3、When I got to school,
14、 I realized I had left my backpack at home.当我到学校时我意识到我把书包忘在家里了。 leave sth. +地点“把某物忘在某处”forget意为“遗忘某物”，指忘记一件具体的东西，但不能有具体的地点。forget还有forget to do sth.忘记做某事（未做），forget doing sth.忘记做某事（已做） I left my book on the desk. 我把书忘在了桌子上。 I forgot my umbrella yesterday .我昨天忘了带伞。 注意： 英语中表示“把某物遗忘在某处”，常用 leave + 地点，而
15、不是forget+地点。leave构成的短语：leave for +地点 离开去某地 leave a message 留言 ask for leave 请假 leave school (中学) 毕业 leave one by oneself=leave sb alone 把某人单独留下4、My alarm clock didnt go off! 我的闹钟没响。go off 发出响声, (闹钟)闹响 The alarm went off just now. 刚才警钟响了go构成的短语：go over 复习 go away 离开 go by (时间)过去 go for a walk 出去散步go
16、on继续Time goes by second by second. 时间一秒秒地消逝。5、Carls day saw me on the street and gave me a lift in his car. Carl的爸爸在街上看到我，捎了我一程。 give sb. a lift =give sb. a ride / give a ride to sb. 捎某人一程 Could you give me a lift ，please？请问，你能捎我一程吗？ Jim gave me a lift on my way home yesterday.昨天吉姆在我回家的路上捎我一程。6、I wa
17、s about to go up when I decided to get a coffee first.我正要去办公室时，我决定先喝一杯咖啡。1）be about to “忙于；即将做某事”。侧重于表示动作马上就要发生，常与when引导的从句连用，但不与具体的时间状语连用。The train is about to start.火车马上就要开了。The performance is about to begin. 演出就要开始了。We are not about to stop now. 我们不打算现在就停下来。与be going to区别：be going to do表示将要发生的事情或
18、打算最近要进行的动作。It is going to rain soon. 快要下雨了。 在含有条件状语从句的主从复合句中，主句一般不用be going to，而常用will（第一人称用shall）。The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球赛将被推迟举行。2）go up上升，上涨，增长 Can you go up the stairs two steps at a time? 你上楼时一次能跨两级台阶吗? Prices of fruit and vegetables have gone up.水果和蔬菜的
19、价格已经上涨了。7、I went to my favorite coffee place even though it was two blocks east from my office.我走向我最喜欢的咖啡馆，尽管它在我的办公室东面有两个街区远。 even though “即使， 虽然， 尽管”；用于引导让步状语从句，相当于though，although。He went out even though it was raining. 尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。Even though its hard work, I enjoy it. 虽然工作艰苦，我还是很喜欢。Hes the best
20、teacher even though he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少，但教得最好。Even though I didnt know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 尽管这次聚会上我谁也不认识，我也玩得挺痛快。8、As I was waiting in line with other office workers, I heard a loud sound. 当我和其他的工作人员排除等候时，我听到了一声巨响。wait in line意为“排队等候”。 stand in line 站成一排cut in l
21、ine 插队 The crowd waited patiently in a line for the doors to open.群众排成一行耐心等待门打开。 Im really sick of waiting in line for buses.我对排队等待实在讨厌极了。 The children were standing in a line, waiting to go into school.孩子们排成一队等候进校门。9、We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building. 我们难以置
22、信地看着燃烧的建筑物升起的黑烟。 stare v. “凝视，盯视，盯住” (表示看得比较仔细，有时候也带有吃惊的意味去看，常与at, into连用。) Dont stare at me like that.别那样盯着我看。Its impolite to stare at people. 盯着看人是不礼貌的。 After I told her the news, she stared at me in astonishment.我把消息告诉她之后，她惊骇得睁大了眼睛盯着我。in disbelief 不相信 ，疑惑， 怀疑 Tamara stared at him in disbelief, sh
23、aking her head. 塔玛拉一边狐疑地盯着他看，一边摇着头。 She looked at him in disbelief. 她全然不信地看着他。 He listened in disbelief to this extraordinary story. 他满腹疑惑地听著这个离奇的故事。above“在之上”； above、over、on“在之上”；的用法区别：on表示在一物体上，强调两物相接触。She put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。The woman lifted a big jar on her head. 那位妇女头上顶着一只大坛子。over
24、表示在一物体上，但强调覆盖这一物体。She put her coat over the sleeping baby. 她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。表示垂直向上，比较精确，其反义词为under。The lamp is over the table.灯在桌子上方。above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方，反义词是below。The moon is now above the trees.月亮正位于树梢上。10、I felt lucky to be alive.我感到很幸运能活下来。 alive adj.“活着的”alive、living、live、lively的用法区别：alive
25、 形容词，意为“活着，活的，有生命的，还出气的”；可指人也可指物，作表语，作定语时放在被修饰的词后，有时作补语；说明生与死的界限，与dead相对。 They were alive and as happy as ever.他们都还活着，并且跟以前一样快活。The tiger is still alive.那只老虎仍然活着。All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive.所有的同志都阵亡了，他是惟一的幸存者。 The fish were caught alive.这些鱼被活捉。 living“
26、活着， 尚在人间，健在的”； 指人或物，作定语或表语。强调“尚在人间，健在”的意思。the living表示“活着的人”，是复数。 Is Mrs. Smith still living? 史密斯太太还在世吗？ Every living person has a name.每一个活着的人都有一个名字。 The living are more important to us than the dead.对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。live 读作laiv ，意为“活着的，活生生的”，可以作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前，一般不用来修饰人。 My mother bought a live fish
27、 this morning.我妈妈今天早晨买了一条活鱼。lively“活泼的，活跃，充满生气的”；可指人，也可指物，作定语、表语。 She is a lively girl.她是一个活泼的女孩。 The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games.运动场上要进行各种球类比赛，呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。The boy has a lively mind.这男孩头脑灵活。11、Last Friday night，my friend invited me to his birthday party上周五晚上我的朋友邀请我出席他的生日聚会。
28、 invite v invitation n邀请 (1)invite sb. to do sth 邀请某人做某事 Lets call up Jim and invite him to play football. 让我们给吉姆打电话吧，邀请他去踢足球。 (2)invite sb. to +地点 邀请某人去某地 Thanks a lot for inviting me to your birthday party .非常感谢你邀请我参加你的生日聚会. I would like to invite you to the Art Festival of our school. 我想要邀请你来参加我们
29、学校的艺术节12、the other kids showed up.其他的孩子出席了。 show up “出席，露面，出现” Everyone showed up except Jack.除了杰克以外所有的人都来了。 He didnt show up at the evening party. 他没在晚会上出现. show sb up“带某人上来；带某人上楼”13、April fools Day is a celebration that takes place in different countries around the world. 愚人节发生在世界不同国家的一项庆祝活动。fool
30、名词“傻子，呆子”；动词“愚弄，欺骗” foolish adj. 愚蠢的 on April Fools Day 愚人节 make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人 He is a fool. 他是一个呆子。（名词） We cant fool our teacher. 我们不能欺骗我们的教师。(动词) take place“发生、进行”（指事先计划好或预料的事情） The sports meeting will take place in our school.运动会将在我校举行。 happen常指具体的事物的发生，特别指那些偶然的发生。不及物动词，没有被动语态 sth happen to
31、sb 意为“某人发生某事”。 happen to do sth 意为“碰巧做某事”。I happened to have read the article when he asked me about it. 当他问起我关于这篇文章的情况时我碰巧已经读过了。14、It happens on April 1st every year and is a day when many people play all kinds of tricks and jokes on each other. 愚人节在每年的四月一号，这一天人们相互作弄开各种玩笑。play tricks on sb.“作弄某人”；play jokes on sb.“开某人玩笑” Its impolite to laugh at, stare at or play tricks on disable people. 对残疾人取笑，盯着看，戏弄是不礼貌的。15、Many people ran to their local supermarket to bu
