1、高中英语语法重点难点高中英语语法重点难点 主谓一致常考难题： Five minutes is enough to do this exercise. Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future. More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. More members than one are against your plan. 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：g
2、lasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors1等。 但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series2 of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk. 并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如: Truth and honesty3 is the best policy4. The girls teacher and friend is a young
3、 doctor. To love and to be loved is the great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. A knife and fork is on the table. 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时
4、, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如: The teacher as well as the students was excited. The room with its furniture was rented. A great number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如: Those who want to go please sig
5、n your names here. Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。 1/2 onea half 1/4 onea quarter 形容词的顺序： 系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词序数词在前，基数词在后+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料 Those
6、 three beautiful large square old brown wood table 某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely5等。 1close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地 2free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地 3hard努力地 hardly几乎不 4late 晚，迟 lately 近来 5mo
7、st 极,非常 mostly主要地 6wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地 7high高 highly高度地，非常地 8deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深” 9loud大声地 loudly大声地含有喧闹的意思 10near邻近 nearly几乎 bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示：This room is less beautiful than that one. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，
8、a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：He works6 even harder than before. 注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。 He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior7，junior，senior等。 He is superior to Mr Wang in
9、mathematics8. 在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用thatthose，oneones代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如： The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk. A box made of iron9 is stronger than one made of wood. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: A is three four,etc. times the size height, length
10、, width,etc of B. The new building is four times the size the height of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大四倍高。高三倍 A is three four, etc. times as big high, long, wide, etc. as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。 A is three four,etc. times bigger higher, longer, wider than B. 例如:Your school is
11、 three times bigger than ours. 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。 如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如： Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over. Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly
12、keep body and soul together. 但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如: They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves. 6almost与nearly 在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如： Im not nearly ready. 在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如： I almost never see her. need 表示“需要”
13、或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如： You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? -Yes, you must. 注意：neednt have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如：You neednt have waited for me. “should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。 You should have started earlier. “ought to have do
14、ne”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。 You ought to have helped him but you didnt 书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。 表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。 有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如： The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。 The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。 The pen wr
15、ites well.这支笔很好写。 在动词 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“should+ 动词原形”虚拟语气例如： We suggested that we should have a meeting. We insisted that they should go with us. The doctor ordered that she should stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that w
16、e should start right away. 作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“should+动词原形”。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that weshould go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we should do exercises first. 在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have
17、, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. 注意：不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go.
18、作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth. 动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式: admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay10, en
19、joy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist11, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand无法忍受等。 I tried not to go there.我设法不去那里。 I tried doing it again.我试着又干了一次。 mean to do 有意. mean doing意味着. I mean to come early today.我打算今天
20、早些来。 Missing the train means12 waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。 allow, advise, forbid, permit We dont allow smoking13 here. We dont allow students to smoke. 动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如： The window needsrequires, wantscleaningto be cleaned. 在短语devote1
21、4 to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon. Badly polluted15, the water cannot be drunk16.原因 Being written in haste17, the composition is full of mistakes. 原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式 Having
22、been deserted18 by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.为了强调已完成的动作 Asked to stay, I couldnt very well refuse. 这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。 下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如： Covered with confusion
23、19, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。 United20, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 He used to live in London, usednt he /didnt he? There used to be a cinema here before the war, usednt there /didnt there? Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? He ought to be punished, oughtnt he? 但在正式文体中,用oug
24、ht we not形式。例如: We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not? 含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustnt。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用arentisnt十主语,例如：You must be tired,arent you?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用neednt。例如：You must go home right now, neednt you? 当mustnt 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如： You mustnt
25、walk on grass, must you? 前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测一般有过去时间状语,疑问部分的谓语动词用didnt+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haventhasnt+主语, 例如： He must have met her yesterday, didnt he? You must have seen the film, havent you? 陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时前缀或后缀,疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:He is unfit21 for his office, isnt he? 如果陈述部分包含有no,
26、never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years old,is he? 如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。 Everyone knows his job, doesnt he? Everyone knows their job,dont they? No one was hurt,were they? Im late, arent I? One cant be too
27、careful,can oneyou? Have a cup of tea, will you? Lets go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you? 同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that 不用which及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如： His delay is due22 to the fact that the car went wrong halfway23. The news that
28、our team has won the match is true. She asked the reason why there was a delay. 关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下: A在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown. B在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如： Whether
29、 we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided24 yet. It hasnt been decided whetherifwe shall attend the meeting. C在介词之后。介词往往可以省略例如： It all depends on whether they will support us. D后面直接跟动词不定式时。 He doesnt know whether to stay or not. E后面紧接or not 时。 We didnt know whether or not she was ready. F引导让步状
30、语从句,只能用whether。 Whether you like it or not, you must do it well. G用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please let me know if you like it. 该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。 或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。 在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句： 1先行词是不定代词：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day. 2先
31、行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 The first lesson that I learned25 will never be forgotten. 3先行词被all,any,every, each, few,little,no,some, 等修饰。 I have read all the book that you gave me. 4先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。 He is the only person that I want to talk to. 5先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用thatwhich,否则用where。 This is the house where he lived last year. This is the house that which he visited last year. 用no soonerthan和hardlywhen引导的
