1、托福独立写作技巧方法讲解独立部分作文笔记（原创）一TWE 评分过程（1）不必在意的四件事破除原有误解不必在意英语和美语的差异；不必在意口语与书面语的差异；不必在意任何文化差异；不必在意语言是否地道。（2）6 分评分标准Readers should focus on what the examinee does well.Scores6 Demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetoricaland syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors.A paper i
2、n this categoryeffectively addresses the writing taskis well organized and well developeduses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideasdisplays consistent facility in the use of languagedemonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice二评分标准的分析 评分标准一：effec
3、tively addresses the writing task（1）简单说明文（Explanation）（I）Background Information，Thesis Statement1 段（II）Supporting2-3 段。例：21. In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. Supporting：A、食物改善；B、技术进步；C、社会和经济环境的稳定。
4、Topic Sentence：Among various factors that have made people live longer are A, B and C.A is very important factor.粗粮、细粮，肉食，牛奶，水质（自来水、矿泉水）Equally important is B.医疗技术使很多过去的绝症轻易获得治疗，如百日咳，肺结核等。Matching A and B is another essential factor, C.战争，社会动荡，经济动荡都会影响人们的寿命。主题句的写法：尽量不要只使用抽象名词；尽量暗示文章将来结构，主题
5、句写好了可以没有结论句；主题句应该值得解释、值得证明。（2）对比、对照（Compare & Contrast）（I）Background Information（II）Compare & Contrast A Or AB B BA （III）Topic Sentence / Conclusion（3）立论文（Argumentation）本身有争议；不能用right/wrong 来修饰，而是who is more reasonable.例：41. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are
6、more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.立场：反对盲目地保护濒临灭绝动物。（I）Background Information（II）Supporting （III）Rebuttal 驳证选择一个对立立场辩驳（最重要的部分）beautiful？necessary？money？（IV）
7、Topic Sentence审题立论的注意事项：以读者为导向；想好了再写；说服读者而不仅是表达；顺序很重要；结论不重要。 评分标准二：is well organized and well developed1、元素排列（1）二分法：简单复杂；已知未知；次要重要（说明说服为目的）。（2）逻辑关系：并列；递进；转折。有力模式：有力模式I 有力模式II 有力模式IIIA 并列 递进 转折B 递进 转折 递进C例：43. Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other
8、 dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.先想一个例子，在按照有力模式的构成去思考其他例子。本例采有力模式II。（1）the drive of money（material）特技演员（stunt man）；Photography； 正面Law breaker。递进（2）the desire pursuer happiness.（spiritual）人的本性对危险的追求转折（3）无知（ignorance）负面 评分标准三：uses clearly approp
9、riate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas一个反例讲义P156。教训：（1）不仅要列大纲，还要落实具体细节，然后查字典。前两步用平时使用的、朴素的、没有修饰的中文完成。中文 英文 英文解释 （2）考场上在表达时永不轻言放弃。一旦忘记例子，千方百计解释清楚。解释方法：中文，同位语从句+定语从句 评分标准四：displays consistent facility in the use of language思维贫乏的人才会用华丽的辞藻。 评分标准五：demonstrates syntactic
10、 variety and appropriate word choice逻辑思维 语言文字三185 题库的处理压缩题库：TWE 写作的准备是系统工程，考验资源整合能力。1、相关题目归类整理材料，整合论点。86899091；652141（因此52 选择why 而不是how）165evironment例：52. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age?Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Among diverse as
11、pects that I want to change about my hometown is its environment.（why & how？此处选why）A good environment will make people happier. （100 words）A nice environment will make people healthier. （100 words）A perfect environment will make people more productive. （100 words）Topic Sentence：TS, the improvement o
12、f which will make people happier, healthier, and even more productive. （主题句应当尽量暗示文章未来结构）3670例：70. Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others thinkthat the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Usespecific reasons and examples to support your answer
13、.主题句应当值得解释、值得证明，故：汽车之类现代交通工具使市场上商品数量增多，方便流通；使商品价格降低；（运输成本降低，同种商品种类增加、竞争加剧）甚至，汽车交通工具对我国妇女地位独立有很大帮助。最初想到：convenient & efficient，不值得解释、证明；进一步问：so what？人们活动范围增加，但仍不够；进一步问：so what？商品的活动范围增加商品数量增加因此，多想几步即可得到有效结论。1518461799362103，基于ETS 出题的人群普适性和文化普适性。1 To be a good _ , one should have the intelligence. hap
14、pier, healthier, To be a good _ , one should be humor. more productiveTo be a good _ , one should be reliable.理由、例子、思路的反复运用。2、一些用母语都难写的题目的处理。（1）最好不要同意的。往往是一些绝对的立场，观点要从绝对词出发。选反对或中间模式。例：37. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasonsand examples to support your answer.本
15、例选中间模式，组织采有力模式III。方法是修正部分绝对化的表达和词汇。Its true that progress is usually good.如交通、沟通、书写工具。However, its hardly true that progress is always good.In fact, progress in itself is nether good or bad. 技术的运用在人不再技术本身。例：53. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job
16、 is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples不能同意。绝对词：the most important。其他重要原因如stability。例：54. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearances. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 确实有时会犯错；但有时也确实可以根
17、据外表得到信息，如判断诚信；甚至，有时必须通过外表判断一个人。（2）最好同意的。没有绝对词，而且往往还有想关限定词。例：27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.两种分类：喜欢的/不喜欢的；有益成功的/无益成功的。需要做不喜欢但有益成功的。另外的例子还有63、42 题等。（3）只能
18、反对的。主要有第8、88、119、120 题。分析方法：How come they have such an opinion? 即AB 的因果关系是否过分简单化？A 不见得是B 的理由；A 不见得是B 的唯一理由；2 A 不见得是B 最重要的理由。例：8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your o
19、pinion.Its true that people attend to spend lots of time in watching television.Its also true that people spend less time in communication.However, its hardly true that television destroyed peoples communication.再写一个真正的理由，如工作压力、经济压力等：Its working stress rather than television例：88. Do you agree or dis
20、agree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Personal 有两种理解：亲密；个性化。只要前后理解一贯即可。相比第8 题，可以忽略前3 点而扩张第4 点，如沟通成本的降低。例：119. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Peo
21、ple behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer. 有时候会影响人们的行为。服装影响心理；服装影响他人对你的态度。然而，服装不必然影响人们行为。什么是最重要的理由，如价值观（value system）。例：120. Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be
22、made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.通常迅速作出的决定是错误的；不是生活当中每一个决定都是值得认真思考的；甚至很多人就是擅长短时间内作出正确决定。（4）不能同意也不能反对的。It depends.例：20. It is better for
23、 children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. It depends the childs age.5 岁之前，最重要的是家庭内部环境； 小学时，乡村更好一些；高中时，城里更好一些。慎用I think，in my opinion 等词组：是废话；不要站在读者对立面。只有当你确知有不同观点时才可使用，然后必须用细节支持，如本文。例：32. Is it bette
24、r to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.It depends the money you earn.2000/月，想存也impossible；20000/月，基本花不完；200000/月，花掉。例：35. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A
25、ttending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.要看是什么演出，不同情况作不同选择。例：49. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communicat
26、ion is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 要看与谁沟通，老板、顾客、同事等均不同。五TWE 考试的准备1、改写阶段。挑5-10 篇话题不重复的范文进行改写。改词。改句：简单句、并列句互改；句子成分、从句互改；正常语序，倒装互改。换一种说法。换个理由，换个例子。改写的顺序：上午写，下午改，晚上背，第二天默。2、创作阶段。写5-10 篇。不限时
27、完成，借助一切可以借助的力量。顺序与第一阶段相同。注重句法、时态等。3、冲刺阶段。写5-10 篇。限时25 分钟完成，最好早上9:00 写。下午用大量时间改写、背，第二天默写。附录三 句法多样性专题(Syntactic Variety)1. 并列a) 并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, , and ni. A, B, C, and other Xsii. X, such Y as A, B, C, History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjects have to be lea
28、rned from books, or primarily from books. Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, or mythology. It is ne
29、cessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literature such as novels and mythology.b) 并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if 并列复杂句i. what = something thatii. how = the way/manner in whichMost parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy, and usu
30、ally do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglect influences the future development of their children. Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, or what is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situati
31、on as a whole would mislead them.c) 并列形容词性成份i. a1 and a2 + nii. a1 + yet/but + a2 + niii. a1, a2 + n + thativ. a1, a2, so a3 that/as toa small town a small and peaceful towna good teacher a good and very impressive teachera stupid decision a stupid and incorrigible decisionsimple yet effective methoda direct and simple yet magically effective method
