1、国际商务英语复习要点 Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色书10-11页) 考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business） ATrade（贸易）： a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade ) b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade) B. Investment (投资): a. forei
2、gn direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资) b. portfolio investment (证券投资) C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营) b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产) 翻译练习:1. 随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trad
3、e accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2. BOT是 “交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market 商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货) creditor country ( 债权国) (紫色书
4、25页) 考点:国民生产总值和国内生产总值 (GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is cal
5、culated by dividing its national income by its populationTriad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United States B. Western Europe C. Japan D. Canada 翻译练习:1. 国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。GNP and GDP indicate a countrys total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its nati
6、onal income.2. 欧盟作为三方组合的一个分支，在使我们的市场多元化方面起着相当重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our market Lesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商务术语: tariff rates(关税率) settlement (协议) cartel (卡特尔) free trade area NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定) 紫
7、色书41页 考点:1. 地区一体化的主要目标 (Major objectives of regional integration)To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members 2. 地区经济一体化的四个层次( Four levels of regional economic integr
8、ation)A. Free trade area (自由贸易区)-经济一体化程度低,内部团结,但各成员对外采用各自的贸易政策B. Customs Union (关税同盟)-所有成员对外都实行相同的贸易政策C. Common market (共同市场)-共同的对外政策,生产要素也在各成员国间流动D. Economic union( 经济联盟)-经济一体化程度最高, 共同的对外政策,生产要素也 . 在各成员国间流动, 统一协调各国在经济金融领域的 国内政策,统一货币 3. 掌握EU (欧洲联盟) , APEC(亚太经济合作组织). OPEC (石油输出国组织) 翻译练习:1. 共同市场具有使商品,
9、 服务,劳动力甚至资本,技术在各成员国之间自由流通的特点.The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2. 欧盟是一个机构齐全的实体,其历史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952. Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商务术语:Shareholders（股
10、东）， board of directors（董事会）， parent company（母公司）， affiliate（子公司）， day-to-day running（日常管理）， multinational corporation（跨国公司）， home country（母公司所在国）， host country（东道国）紫色书63-64页 考点：1 经济全球化的基本特征和优劣势：A Basic feature：a. free flow of commodity，capital， technology，service and information b. optimized allocat
11、ion of resources（资源优化配置）B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic development b. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global b. not balanced benefits 3. 跨国公司 (mu
12、ltinational corporations)A. organization-parent and affiliates (组织-母公司与子公司)B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (广阔的地域分布) c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目标和作用): profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporation b. global corporation c. transnational corporation d. wo
13、rld company 4. 翻译:a. 经济全球化使得各国经济更容易受到全球各地不利事件的伤害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b. 安全对任何一个跨国企业而言都极为重要,因为没有安全,跨国企业组织的生存便无法保证。Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNEs survival can never be assu
14、red. Lesson 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)商务术语: services(劳务), primary commodities(初级产品), absolute advantage(绝对利益), comparative advantage(比较利益), quota(配额), customs union(关税同盟), ad valorem duty(从价税), specific duties(从量税), drawback(退税), MFN(最惠国待遇), non-tariff barrier(非关税壁垒).紫色书: 90页 110页 考点:1. 国际贸易的定义
15、(definition):It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2. 国际贸易的两个缘由( Two reasons for international trade)a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb. international specialization(国际专业化)3. 国际专门化的两个理论(Two theories for int
16、ernational specialization)a. The theory of absolute advantage(绝对利益理论):a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labour)b. The theory of comparative advantage(相对对利益理论):Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production o
17、f producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. 4. 关税壁垒和非关税壁垒( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)a. tariff barriers: export duty(进口税), import duty(出口税), -specific duties 从量税 ad valorem duty. 从价税 Compound duty 混合税b. non-tariff barriers: quotas-the most common
18、 form of non-tariff barriers 5. 翻译练习a. 比较优势理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb关税壁垒是限制贸易最常见的形式 Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction. Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商务术语：EDI (电子数据交换)，customers clearance (结关)，disp
19、atch (发运)，ICC（国际商会）Roll-on-roll-off(滚装滚卸), incoterms (国际贸易通则)，FOB(起运港船上交货价)， CFR (成本加运费价)，CIF (成本加运费加保险费价) 紫色书132-133页 考点:1.国际贸易术语解释通则的必要性和目的 The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in for
20、eign trade and avoid uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3. 三个最常用术语 (The three most commonly used terms)FOB: Free on Board 装运港船上交货CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保险费,加运费 翻译练习:a. 折扣是指卖方按照商品的原价给买方以一定比率的价格减让Discount means that s
21、ellers offer to buyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.b. 买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibil
22、ities simply and safely. Lesson 8 Business Contract商务术语:Inquiry(询盘,询价), quotation(报价单), validity period(有效期), offer(发盘), counter-offer(还盘), offeree(收盘人), sales confirmation(销售确认书), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(业务范围), contract proper(合同正文), article number(货号).紫书150-151页 考点:1.合同的
23、定义(definition)A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties 2.谈判过程及签定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)inquiry-quotation- offer and acceptance-counter-offer 3.合同的种类(The types of contracts)a. sales contractb.purchase contractc.s
24、ales confirmation 4. 合同的构成(the setting up of a contract)a. the title (合同名称)b. the contract proper(合同正文)c. The signature of the contracting parties(缔约双方签字)d. The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的规定) 翻译练习:a. 在实盘情况下,我们通常保留有效期三天 In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for th
25、ree days Lesson 9 Modes of Trade商务术语:Counter trade(对销贸易), hyperinflation(极度通货膨胀), Reichstock（德国国家银行），protectionism（贸易保护主义），Clearing system(票据交换制度), net positions(净头寸), compensation trade(补偿贸易), barter(易货贸易), counter purchase(互购贸易)Buyback(回购贸易), centrally planned economies(中央计划经济国家), processing trade
26、(加工贸易), consignment(寄售贸易), leasing trade(租赁贸易)，aution(竞卖拍卖), agency(代理) 174-175页 考点：1.对销贸易的主要优点(major advantages of counter trade)a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc, reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsd.bypassing international price agreemente. helping
27、 countries with debt problems to import goods 3. 对销贸易的缺点(the drawbacks of counter trade)a. very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism 翻译练习a. “互相捆绑”是易货贸易,回购
28、贸易和互惠贸易的共同特征“Bundling” is the feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback. b. 作为一种捆绑贸易,对销贸易一般是在成熟市场经济国家和市场机制不完善的国家间发生的贸易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution. Lesson10 International P
29、ayment商务词汇: debtor(债务人), debit(收方/借方), financial standing(财务状况), credit worthiness(信誉), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(预付现金),usance draft(远期汇票), documentary draft(跟单汇票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟单托收), D/P(付款交单), D/A(承兑交单).194-195页 考点:1. 国际贸易支付的复杂性(the complexity of payment i
30、n international trade):Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc. 2. 在一定条件下的两种支付方法:a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (预付现金和部分预付现金) b.open account(记账交易) 3. 汇票(the draft/ bill of exchange)a. definition: an unconditi
31、onal order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the futureb. sign draft and usance draft (即期汇票和远期汇票) c. clean draft (光票:汇票不附单据) and documentary draft (跟单汇票:随同汇票一起的有相关的单据,如提单,发票,保险单) 4. 跟单拖收 (documentary collection)a. D/P: 付款交单: documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb. D/A: 承兑交单: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter 翻译练习:a. 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的
