1、could比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，一般用could，回答时则用can。-Could you help me carry the bag?-Yes, I can.may/mightmay/might表示可能，但may比might可能性大。- Why isnt he in class?- He may be sick.（生病的可能性较大） He might be sick.（生病的可能性较小）may/might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中表过去时.He says we may leave.He said we might leave. may you
2、+动词原形放在句首，意为祝愿；但愿。May you succeed!祝你成功！May you be happy every single day.祝你天天快乐。must/ mustnt must表示必须，应该，没有时态变化。You must do everything as I do.must表示肯定的推测。The light is still on, so he must be at home.mustnt 表示禁止做某事。You mustnt smoke in the office.should/shouldntshould表示应当、应该；You should work hard. sho
3、uld可表示陈述意见，提出建议或请求；He suggested that they should leave at once.should 的否定形式表示禁止之意。Children shouldnt smoke.should have done/shouldnt have doneshould have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”，而shouldnt have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。You should have told me about it earlier.You shouldnt have said such words to your pare
4、nts.had better/ had better notYoud better do sth 你最好做某事Youd better buy the book . Youd better not do sth 你最好不要做某事Youd better not run in the classroom .题一题面ought to ought to +动词原形。 “应当；应该”如果你想知道如何修理汽车，你应该读这些书。You _if you want to know_. 你应该把孩子带来。You_ the child here. needneed既可用作情态动词，又可用作实义动词。作情态动词时， 没
5、有数和人称的变化，后接动词原形；作实义动词时，有数的变化和人称的变化，后接带to的不定式。注意：作为情态动词，need一般不能用于肯定句中，仅用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。作为情态动词，need后也不能直接加sth. 如果是need sth，那么这个need一定是实义动词need用于否定句，表“不必”。You neednt worry.你不必担心。I dont think you need worry.我想你不必担心。用于疑问句，表“需要吗”？Need you go? 你得去吗？-No, I neednt. 不必。-Yes, I must. 是的，我必须去。作为情态动词的need的正确形
6、式。need sb do sth.sb. neednt do sthneed用作实义动词时，要注意始终以实义动词的标准。（正确）Do you need to go there?（错误）Do you need go there?作为实义动词的need的正确形式。need to do needs to dodont /doesnt /didnt need to do Do/ Does/Did sb need to do sth?题二dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。The little girl_. 你敢抓小猫吗?_the little cat?dare 除用作情态
7、动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用， 用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。_ in the dark?你敢黑夜走路吗？He_ the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。can/be able to表示能够意义的can与be able to的区别。在表示能力时,can与be able to的意义差不多,有时两者可换用,但表示经过努力、设法做成某事时,要用be able to,不可用can。Youll be able to read it before long.With the help of the stick, he was
8、able to swim to the bank.cant与mustnt不能意义的cant与mustnt的区别。cant表示“不能”,意指没有能力;mustnt表示，意指禁止；不允许The baby is asleep. You mustnt make any noise.The boy is so tired that he cant walk any further.must/have to必须的must与have to的区别。must表示说话人的主观看法；而have to则表示由于某种外界（客观）原因而“必须”，“不得不”做某事。mustnt意为不可以;；dont have to意为不必
9、My father had to work when he was ten years old.The play is not interesting. I really must go now.定义：在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。准确掌握每一个连词的含义是掌握状语从句的关键。同时要注意主从句的时态呼应。状语从句一般分为九大类状语从句类别: 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句 让步状语从句时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, whil
10、e, as, the moment, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as 等。when, while, as 的区别when -当时候, 通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生。When I opened the window, I saw him come up.When I have time , I will go to see you.When I came home, I met an old schoolmate of mine. He said he would tell her about it when he
11、saw her.在时间状语从句中，主从句都是将来的动作或状态时，习惯上主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。when - 正在的时候，突然。通常主句是进行时或be about to 时，在翻译的时候，when 可以译成没想到或突然。I was walking along the street , when I met him.I was about to fall asleep when my sister came in.One evening, little Hans was sitting near the fire when he heard a loud knock at the door
12、.when 当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast.When I was leaving the house, the postman arrived.when=afterWhen the children had gone to bed, she began toprepare her lessons. while -在期间，往往指一段时间。While we were in America, we saw him twice.While we were talking, he
13、came in.Strike while the iron is hot. while -表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受等。We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing football.The soldier faces the powder while the beauty powder the face.as - 一边一边, 随着She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.As she grew older, she be
14、came more beautiful.as - 当时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。As I was going out, it began to rain.I saw Mary as she was going on the bus.As he was eating his breakfast, he heard someone knock at the door.Someone patted me on the shoulder as I was standing before the shop window.the moment - 一就 =as soon as ,
15、immediately-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?-Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her.not until - 直到才He didnt leave the office until he finished the work.=He left the office when he finished the work.Not until 可以和 when 互换before - 在之前The passengers should arrive at the airport an hou
16、r before the flight departs.He ran off before I could stop him. It was not long before I forgot it all. （It was /will be before是常用句型）after - 在 之后The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.The plane took off after the air traffic controller gave clearance.since
17、-自从, 通常主句用现在完成时I have never been there again since I graduated from the university.The captain has travelled almost everywhere in the world since he became a pilot.It is just a week since we arrived here. （It is /has been since是常用句型）as soon as - 一就Jack went to school as soon as he got well.Ill ring
18、you up as soon as I get an answer from him. no sooner than - 一就No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.no sooner than 用于句首要求倒装Hardly whenScarcely whenonce - 一旦就Once you see him, you will never forget him. every time, each time 每次whenever 每当Each time he came to town, he would visit our schoo
19、l. Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. Guess the meaning of the following proverbsGod helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。 He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。定语：是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。a clever
20、 boy the boiling waterfallen leaves The man who you are looking for定语从句定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句。Do you know the man who came to see Xiao Yang this morning?Tom is a handsome boy.The little boy needs a blue pen.The boy in the classroom needs a pen.The pen bought by her is made in China.The man standing there
21、 is my teacher.The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.小结论： 单词或单个的分词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。分词短语，介短和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。先行词:被修饰的名词或代词。关系词 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词:that, which, who, whom, whose, as关系副词:where, when, why重要推论：关系词的3个作用1引导定语从句。 2代替先行词。 3在定语从句中担当一个成分。警示:
22、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。Those who are against the plan put up your hands.The man who is next to us sells vegetable.典型考点变为定语从句He loves basketball.He plays basketball very well.He is a famous basketball player.His wife is Ye Li.关系代词that, which引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词，关系代词应用that、which. （作主语或
23、宾语）which / that 作主语. （不能省）This is a dream. The dream will never come true.This is a dream which/that will never come true. The dog has been found.The dog was lost. The dog which was lost has been found.（作主语）which / that 作宾语 ： （可省略） This is the card.Ive just received the card.This is the card （which
24、/ that）Ive just received. 作宾语关系代词who, that, whom引导的定语从句:如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who, that （作主语或宾语） whom （作宾语）who / that 作主语. （不能省） This is the film star.The film star is very popular in China.This is the film star who/that is very popular in China. （作主语）who / whom / that 作宾语：（ 可省略）The man is a famous
25、writer. He described the man just now.The man （ who/ whom/ that ） he described just now is a famous writer. （作宾语）小结：that 既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略.who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。whose 作定语,表示所属关系。The boy is my classmate. The boys fathe
26、r is a policeman.The boy whose father is a policeman is my classmate.The boy who is reading needs the pen.whose引导的定语从句注意点whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词
27、= the+名词+of which，或= of which + the + 名词。The novel whose title （= the title of which或of which the title） is Red and Black is very interesting.whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词 = the+名词+of whom，或= of whom + the + 名词。The boy whose mother （= the mother of whom或of whom the mother） is a doctor is my friend.祈使句祈使句可以表达说话人的意愿、请求、叮嘱、号召、命令或建议，它的主语you （听话人）通常省略，谓语动词用原形，句子末尾用感叹号或句号，读时用降调。祈使句的肯定形式be型（系动词原形be表语其它） Be careful! Dont go too high. Be quiet, everyone! do型（行为动词宾语其它）Come in, please! Ple
