1、语法学习,一.英语句子从结构上看有三种类型：1.简单句（Simple Sentence)2.并列句（Compound Sentence)3.复合句（Complex Sentence),定语从句,(1)简单句的五大基本句型：主语+连系动词+表语 主语 及物动词宾语 主语不及物动词状语 主语及物动词间宾直宾 主语及物动词宾语宾补,Her face turned red with anger.,You can consider my suggestion.,This kind of cloth sells well.,He told me a secret.,He found the work ha
2、lf done.,（2）并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又 相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由等立连词连在一起。其结构是：简单句+等立连词+简单句,（3）复合句：由一个主句或几个从句构成的句子。从句只用作句子的一个成份，不能独立。根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。,eg:He has studied English for only one year,but he can read and write now.Keep on and you will make progress.,定语：,用于修饰名词或代词,Please show me another ticket
3、.Australia is an English-speaking country.A traveller is a person whothat travels.A clock is a machine that tells people time.,是一个成份，由一个句子充当某个成份,从句：,二.定语从句：,由一个句子充当定语,从句的位置：,在名词或代词后,先行词：被定语从句修饰的词,引导词：,引导定语从句的词 关系代词 关系副词,引导词的作用：(1)引导定语从句(2)在从句中作一成份(3)代替先行词在从句中的位置,一、概念,定语从句 在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代
4、词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。,二、用法,1、关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。,1）who(主格),whom（宾格）,that,这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：,a)他就是 我昨天见到的 那个人。,He is the man.,I saw him yesterday.,He is the man whom I saw yesterday.,b)你认识 站在那边的 那个人吗？
5、,Do you know the man?,He is standing over there.,Do you know the man who is standing over there?,（）,（）,2）whose 用来指人或物。例如：,a)小明，他的父亲是工程师，是我们班级里最好的学生。,（）,Xiao Ming is the best student in our class.,His father is an engineer.,Xiao Ming whose father is an engineer is the best student in our class.,注意：定语
6、从句应紧跟在先行词的后面（即定语从句所修饰的词）,3）which,that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：,a)这是 我们去年参观的 工厂。,（）,This is the factory.,We visited it last year.,This is the factory which/that we visited last year.,可以省略,说明：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。,b)这是 去年建造的 工厂。,（）,This is the factory.,It was built last year.,This is the factor
7、y which/that was built last year.,不可以省略,2、关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。,1）关系副词when,where,why 的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：,a)我仍然记得 我参军的 那一天。,（）,I still remember the day.,On that day I joined the army.,I still remember the day when I joined the army.或,I still remember th
8、e day on which I joined the army.,b)这就是 我们去年住的 房屋。,（）,This is the house.,We lived in it last year.,This is the house where we lived last year.或,This is the house in which we lived last year.或,This is the house which we lived in last year.,c)你知道 他迟到的 原因吗？,（）,Do you know the reason?,He was late for th
9、at reason.,Do you know the reason why he was late?或,Do you know the reason for which he was late?,2）当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why 来引导定语从句。例如：,这是我们去年参观的地方。,这是我们去年工作的地方。,a),vt.,vi.,This is the place which/that we visited last year.,This is the place where we worked last year.,我仍然记得我入团的那一天。,我仍然记得我
10、们一起度过的那一天。,b),I still remember the day when I joined the League.,I still remember the day that/which we spent together.,引 导 词,关系代词,关系副词,在定语从句中作,主语,主语或宾语,宾语,宾语或主语,定语,时间,地点,原因,状语状语状语,在从句中作宾语可省去,先行词为,whothatwhomwhichwhose,人物/人人物某人/某物的,WhenWherewhy,总结,关系代词和关系副词的作用,关系代词和关系副词如何区别？,1.The reason _he missed
11、the speech was that he forgot the time.2.The reason_he gave us sounded reasonable.3.Ill never forget the day _we spent together in Paris.4.Ill remember the day_we stayed together at that time.5.This is the factory_we visited last year.6.This is the house _Lincoln once lived.,Remember:引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词
12、关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。或者说，假如把先行词放到从句中是作主语、宾语还是状语而定。,why,thatwhich,thatwhich,when,thatwhich,where,3、判断关系代词与关系副词,方法一：,用关系代词，还是关系副词完全,This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.,这是我去年呆过的山村。,取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：,Ill never forget the days when I worked together with
13、you.,我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。,方法二：,准确判断先行词在定语从句中的,成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。,A.whereB.that C.on which D.the one,例1.Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?,例2.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?,A.whereB.that C.on which D.the one,B,D,7.(1)He still lives in the room _window faces to the
14、south.(2)He still lives in the room _is in the north of the city.,whose,which,8.(1)I will never forget the days _we studied together.(2)I will never forget the days _we spent together.,when,that,9.(1)The reason _he didnt come was that he was ill.(2)The reason _he explained is not true.,why,that,10.(
15、1)We will meet at the same place_we met last month.(2)We will meet at the same place _we visited last month.,where,that,Correct the sentences:,1.Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2.Is that factory which your father once worked in?3.The man whom I spoke is from Canada.4.July 1,1999 is the
16、 day when well never forget.,_,(去掉),which,_,to,the one,Correct the sentences:,5.I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.6.Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.7.Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.8.I dont like the way which you talked to your f
17、riend.,in,when,_,who,_,(that/which),Correct the sentences:,9.This is the last time when Ive given you lessons.10.Soon they came to a farm house,and in front of which sat a small boy.11.We heard the news which our team won the game.12.The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.,_,that,_,that,
18、_,why,it,_,Correct the sentences:,13.Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names.14.That was the reason because she looked old.15.Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers who give us wonderful English lessons in our school.16.Taiwan,that we know,belongs to China.,as,who,_,_,_,gi
19、ves,why,who,that（先行词为人）有区别吗？,1.用who不用that的情况：,(1)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,those时。(2)当先行词为人称代词时。,He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practise more.,2.用that不用who的情况：,(1)当先行词既是人又是物。(2)当句子出现一个who等。（3）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。,He talked a lot a
20、bout the things and persons that he had remembered there.Who is the man that spoke to you just now?Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.,which,that(先行词为物）有区别吗？,1.只用that不用which 的情况：,(1)先行词为much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all等不定代词,（2）先行词既是人又是物。,（3）先行词为形容词的最高级或序数词。,（4）先行词被the very,th
21、e only,the last,any,every,who等修饰时。,All that can be done has been done.,He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.,This is the very book that I am looking for.,Who that has such a home doesnt love it?,（5）关系代词在从句中作表语时,China is no longer the country that it used to be.,This is one of t
22、he best films that I have ever seen.,考点一：that和which,以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。1.先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。e.g.Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen.2.先行词被 all,any,no,little,much,some,every修饰时.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that。e.g.This is the best book(that)Ive ever read
23、.,考点一：that和which,.先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用that。.,The only thing that we could do was(to)wait.You can take any seat that is free.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.This is one of the presents that my boy friend gave me on my birthday.,.先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。e.g.We talked about the thing
24、s and persons that we saw then.,、被修饰词为数词时。Yesterday I caught two fish and them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.、如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已 which，另一个关系代词则宜用that，以 避免语言的单调或重复。,、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定 语从句宜用that作关系代词。Theres still a seat in the corner that is still free.、定语从句中缺表语时，该
25、关系代词宜用that。He is not the person that he was ten years ago.,Ex.1.The book _you lent to me is very interesting.2.Tom is the student _ handwriting is the best in our class.3.Is the man _talked to you just now Mr Wang?4.I live in the room the door of_ is white.5.Ill never forget the days _ I spent in th
26、e country.6.I will never the days_ I studied with you.,(that/which),whose,who/that,which,(which/that),when,8.Can you tell me the reason _ you were late for class this morning?9.Is this the factory _ you visited last week?10.Is this the factory _ _you worked last year?11.Is this factory _ you visited
27、 last week?12.China is no longer the country _ it used to be.13.All _ should be done has been done.,why,(which/that),where/in which,the one,that,that,13.I dont like the way _ he smiles.14.This is the reason _ _you explain to me.15.This is the first time_ I have been in Beijing.16.I,_ _ your best fri
28、end,should help you.17.Jim is the only one of the students _ _ passed the exam.,(that/in which),(that/which),(that),who am,who,has,只能用which 的情况:,2.引导非限制性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子时只能用which,(1)The machine,which I have looked after for many years,is still working perfectly.(2)She failed the exam,which made her par
29、ents vary angry.(3)He saw a film,which was about the Long March.(4)My glasses,without which I was like a blind man,fell to the ground and broke.,1.介词前置时关系代词只能用which(先行词为物),Remember:which 在这两种情况下即使在句中作宾语也不能省。,Correct the sentences:,17.It is the one of the best films that have been shown recently.18.T
30、he third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou.19.Which is known to all,many satellite are going around in the sky.20.The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.,that,_,_,has,As,that,_,_,Correct the sentences:,21.Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from.22.T
31、he student whos book I had borrowed didnt come to school today.23.Who is the worker who took some pictures of the factory.24.The bike by which I travelled was his.,as,_,Whose,_,that,_,on,_,介词+关系代词,先行词为人,关系代词用 whom;先行词为物,关系代词用which.关系代词在介词后不能用that,关系代词也不能省。如介词放在句尾，引导词可用that 或who,而且可省去。关系代词和关系副词可转换：wh
32、ere,when,why=介词+which,1.This is the reason _ _he left his hometown.(=why)2.Ill never forget the day_ _ we stayed together.(=when)3.This is the girl _ _I learned the news.4.The person_ _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.5.Ill show you a store_ _you may buy all that you need.(=whe
33、re)6.I dont like the way_ _ you laughed at her.(=that;),for which,on which,from whom,to whom,in which,in which,请讨论：as,which 引导非限制性定语从句有什么不同吗？,1.which的先行词可以是名词，as不可。(1)The meeting,which was held in the park,was a great success.(2)All the books,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.,2.which和as都可代替整个句子的意思，但which引导的从句不 放句首。(1)Crusos dog became ill and died,which made him very lonel
