1、式、分词。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达转变为之意，注意与动宾关系的区别。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 Tom is a boy.（Tom是个男孩）/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is，表语为a boy There be 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个
2、there为副词那里。二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。（是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词，一般是形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句。形容词常置于名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后） 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.（little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小
3、男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms th
4、ere./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里
5、只有一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
6、/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。三、状语：状语修饰动词
7、、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。（常由副词或相当于副词的短语或从句担当。修饰动词时置于动词之前或之后均可，修饰形容词和副词时常置于它们之前） 状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls
8、 the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置） The
9、boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.（条件状语） On Sundays,there is no student in the class
10、room./星期天,教室里没有学生.（时间状语） 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语） Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语） To make his dre
11、am come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 比较状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 四、直接宾语和间接宾语： 返回 特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc. 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾
12、语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。Bring it to me,please. 五、主语/宾语补足语：位于主语、宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。主语、宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。（宾语补语-主语补语） 补语：补语是用来补充主语和宾语的意义的，一般都着重说明主语或宾语的特征，
13、常由名词或形容词担任。Hill was declared the （winner）of the fight.（主语补语）I consider the book （expensive）.（宾语补语）就是位于连系动词之后的主语补语。John Stuart Mill was an early （feminist）.（表语）名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find h
14、im at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. 介词一般置于名词或代词之前。The book is on the desk.六、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。We students should study hard. / （students是we的同位语，都是指
15、同一批学生） We all are students. / （all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们） 同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些抽象名词（如fact, news, idea, promise等）的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导同位语从句的连词多用that。that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不充当任何成分，但不可省略。 The fact that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is clear. The news that our team won the football game inspired all the
16、fans. They introduced the idea that children could learn to read as babies. Tom made his teacher a promise that he would never be late again.少数情况下同位语从句也可用连词whether和连接代词who，what，which或连接副词when，where，why，how等引导。 I have no idea whether it is safe to sail in this weather. Have you got any idea who will
17、take over now that the president has resigned? Here comes the question what we should do with so much e-waste. I have no idea when the general manger will come back.【练】1. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （2009江西）A. what B. which C. that D. t
18、hough2. News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. （2009四川）A. which B. what C. that D. where3. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea _ the party is to be held? （2008陕西）A. what B. which C. that D. where4. A warm thought suddenly struck me _ I might
19、 buy a tie for my fathers birthday. A. if B. when C. that D. which5. Do you have any idea_ is actually going on outside the classroom?A. that B. what C. as D. which6. Along with the letter was her promise _ she was free she would visit me this weekend.A. that B. if C. what if D. that if7. There rema
20、ins a doubt among the public _ the vaccine is safe enough for children. A. whether B. that C. what D. how8. The mother was filled with anxiety _ her daughter might be disabled by the accident.A. whether B. that C. what D. which 9. Standing in the hall, Patty had an uneasy feeling _ somebody was watc
21、hing her. A. why B. whether C. that D. which10. The doctor tried to remove the mans fear_ his wife might die during the operation. A. when B. that C. whether D. what【参考答案】15 CCDCB 610DAACB七、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分（注意：区别于分词独立结构）。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I
22、think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。八、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。错句：Studying hard,your score will go up. 正确：（1） Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 （2）
23、If you study hard,your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句（1）更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致（ 同为you ）;正确句（2）则使用条件分句带出study的主语,（不过已经不是分词结构了）. 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略. Game （being） over,he went home. He stands there,b
24、ook （being） in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！句子1主语+谓语S+V ：Day dawns.（天亮了）2主语+谓语+宾语 S+V+O 3主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 S+V+O+OHe told us t
25、he whole story.4主语+谓语+主语补语S+V+C（complement补语）He died a poor man.他穷困而死主语+联系动词+表语S+L（Link verb）+P（Predicative）Toms father is a professor.5主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语S+V+O+CHe found Tom intelligent.多读读英语文章，培养语感，这样作题目会比较有感觉！常见不及物动词appear come go get fall feel keep look make prove remain rest rise seem stand stay turn
26、 turn out Appear calm Come easy （safe） Go mad （crazy, bad, sour, wrong, crazy, hungry, blind） Get angry （ill, wet, excited, married, paid） Fall asleep（ fall ill, fall short, fall flat） Feel good （sleepy） Keep quiet （silent） Look fit （well, young, tired） Make certain （sure, ready, a good teacher） Prove an effective method （correct, accurate） Remain still （unchanged） Rest satisfied （content） Rise red Seem happy Stand still Stay young （stay fresh, the same） Turn teacher =become a teacher （yellow） Turn out true
