1、2、Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secularsekjul世俗的 one.3、Beowulfbewlf 贝奥武夫（一个英雄名）, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic史诗 of the Anglo-saxons. lusksnpl. 盎格鲁撒克逊族（古英国人的一个
2、种族）盎格鲁撒克逊语（又名古代英语 Old English）4、Romance浪漫史 which uses narrativenrtiv叙述的 verse诗句 or prose散文 to sing knightly骑士的 adventures or other heroichiruik deeds is a popular literary form in the medievalmedii:vl period.5、The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realist
3、ic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery走廊 of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely Geoffery Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. defr 乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集6、Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas raim押韵诗节 of various types to English poetry to replace the old
4、 English alliterative verse ltrtvadj.头韵的, 头韵体的7、Chaucer was called the father of English poetry.7501.2The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）文艺复兴时期：中世纪自现代的中间转折期（14世纪到17世纪中叶）文艺复兴时期，古罗马和希腊文学的重新发现文艺复兴时期的本质：人道主义文艺复兴的重大改革：圣经的传播文艺复兴的宗教改革：阶段斗争英国文学家认为Petrarch彼德拉克是文学的根源文艺复兴早期，诗歌和戏剧是最突出的形式，代表人物Ben Johnson, William Sha
5、kespeare.伊丽莎白戏剧是文艺复兴的主流文艺复兴影响英国比较慢，不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆，还因为英国的内乱文艺复兴的本质是人文主义者摒弃封建主义，推动新思想的一场运动文艺复兴是英国的文学黄金时期1、The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.2、The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revial, is
6、actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology占星术, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.3、Humanism is the essenceesns本质 of Renaissance.人道主义是文艺复兴时期的本质4、One of t
7、he major results of Reformation was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English so that people could understand.5、The religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisiebuw:zi:资产阶级 against the f
8、eudal封建的 class and its ideologyaidildi观念学6、Petrarchpetr:k was regarded as the fountainhead根源 of literature by English writers.英国作家认为彼特拉克是文学的根源7、In early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poeticpuetik drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare
9、 and Ben Jonson.本-琼森13008、Eliabethanilizbi:n drama is the mainstream of the English Renaissance.伊丽莎白时代的戏剧是英国文艺复兴的主流。1.2.1Edmundedmnd Spenser（埃德蒙斯宾赛）代表作：仙后12本书的12种品德Spenser：英雄中的英雄，亚瑟Spenser的红十字骑士代表神圣仙后的结局：骑士和Una结婚诗人中的诗人1、Spensers masterpiece is The Faerie Queene.仙后2、Spenser speaks of 12 virtues of th
10、e private gentleman, and plans 12 books, each one with a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues.3、The hero of heroes, who possesses all of these virtues, is Arthur亚瑟, and he is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures.16004、The Redcross knight in Book I stands for St.Ge
11、orge, the patron saint of England; he also represents Holiness.5、The Faerie Queene ends with a happy wedding between Redcross knight and Una.17006、Spenser has been known as “the poets poet”7、Five main qualities of spensers poetry:A perfect melody. meldi旋律 完好的旋律A rare sense of beauty; 少有的美感A splendid
12、 imagination; 辉煌的想像力A lofty moral purity and seriousness高尚的道德洁净性和认真性A dedicated idealism.热诚的理想主义1.2.2Christopher Marlowe（克里斯托夫马洛）共写了六个剧本，最重要的是, Tamburlain, Dr. Faustus, Jew of Melta, Edward IITamburlain描写一个有野心的征服者,从牧师成为了国王Dr. Faustus是基于一个德国的传说，一个魔术师为了追求真理，把自己的灵魂卖给了魔鬼马洛最大的成就：完善了无韵诗，并使之成为了英国戏剧的主要媒介马洛第
13、二个成就：文艺复兴英雄的创造马洛：英国戏剧的先行者“有激情的牧羊人”是英国文学最美的歌词1、As the most gifted of the “university wits”, Marlowe composed of six plays within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are:Tamburlaine, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Edward II爱德华.2、Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless 有野心的并且
14、无情的conqueror kkr征服者 in the 14th century who rose from a shepherd epd牧师 to an overpowering king.22003、Dr.Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician mdin魔术师 aspiring spairi追求 for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.4、The theme of Dr
15、.Faustus:A It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness;B It also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspirationssprein志向 in a hostile moral order;C And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of mans condition.5、Marlowes greatest achievement lies in that he per
16、fected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.6、Marlowes second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7、Marlowe was best known as the pioneerpaini of English drama.8、The short poem “The passionate shepherd to his love” is considered to be on
17、e of the most beautiful lyrics歌词 in English literature.28001.2.3William Shakespeare（威廉莎士比亚）A两个叙述诗：维纳斯和安东尼斯 B 六个喜剧：夏日晚上的梦， 威尼斯商人，小题大做，只要你喜欢，第十二夜，温莎女子 C两个悲剧：罗密欧和朱利叶， 朱利叶丝 D最伟大的四大悲剧：Hamlet, Othello, King lear, Macbeth莎士比亚：伟大的剧作家和诗人，38个剧本，154个十四行诗，2个长诗莎士比亚关键二十年：1591-1611莎士比亚用独白（soliloquies）提示人物内心18个十四行诗
18、是莎士比亚最美的十四行诗“To be or not to be”到自莎士比亚的村庄（Hamlet）Shakespeare认为这样一个原则：君主统一是必须的“To be or not to be” means to live on or to die; to suffer or to take action.许多人把“威尼斯商人”看作是基督徒的虚伪，对犹太人的不公正1、William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights剧作家 and poets the world has ever know. With his 38 pla
19、ys, 154 soonets十四行诗 and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature.2、From about 1591 to about 1611, Shakespeare was in the prime of（正值壮年） his dramatic carrer.3、In 1593 and 1594, Shakespeare published two narrative poems叙述诗, Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯 and The Rape of Lucrec
20、e鲁克斯受辱记.4、Shakespeares comedies include: A Mid-summer Nights dream, The Merchant of Venicevenis威尼斯, Much Adodu: About Nothing小题大做, As you like it, Twelfth night, The merry wives of windsorwinz温莎（姓氏）5、Shakespeares tragedies include: Remeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar. du:ljs si:z朱利叶斯（男子名）暴君6、The soliloq
21、uies slilkwi（pl. -quies）自言自语、独白in Shakespeares plays fully reveal the inner conflict of his characters.7、Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare. The theme of this poem is: A nice summers day is usually transienttrnzint短暂的, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Th
22、us Shakespeare has a faith in the permernence of poetry.8、”To be, nor not to bethat is the question” is a line taken from Hamlet村庄.1.2.4Francis Bacon（弗兰西斯培根）Of studies, Novum Organum（新工具）Bacon认为学术的长进是教育的一个重要阶段Bacon认为，人类的理解力包括三个方法：对历史的记忆，对诗歌的想像和创造，对人类理性的哲学Bacon的诗：简短，致密，有力Bacon在Of studies中提出：某些书是需要尝的，
23、某些书需要吞，某些书需要咀噬和消化Of studies是Bacon的58行诗Bacon写的Novum Organum（新工具）是用拉丁文写的一套方法（methodology）Bacons Of Studies reveals to us his matute attitude to learning.Of studies: 读书使人充实,讨论使人有准备,写作使人严谨（exact）培根的散文集是英国文学的典范1、The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on education.学术的长进是教育的一个重要阶段2、According to Bacon
24、, mans understanding consists of three parts:A history to mans memory; B poetry to imagination and creation; C and philosophy to mans reason.3、Bacons essays are famous for their brevitybrevt简短, compactnesskmpktnis致密性、密度 and powerfulness.4、“Studies serve for delight, for ornament:nmnt修饰, and for abil
25、ity” is a line taken from Bacons Of Studies.5、In his essay of Of studies, Bacon said: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”6、Of Studies is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays.7、The theme of the Of Studies: It analyzes what studies chiefly ser
26、ve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert施加influence over human character.8、Novum Organum nm新工具is written by Francis Bacon.9、Novum Organum is a successful treatisetri:tiz论文 written in latin on methodologymedld一套方法.1.2.5John Donne（约翰邓恩）Sermons（说教）
27、 ，日出特点：metaphysical school（形而上学流派）基本主旨：爱情John Donne在The Sun Rising中question the suns authority1、The term “metaphysicalmetfizikl玄妙的、形而上学的 poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2、Though John Donnes poems were not well accepted
28、 in his life time, the early 20th century saw a renewed interest in him and other metaphysical poems.3、John Donne is the leading figure of the metaphysical school.4、The songs and sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.5、Donnes great pr
29、ose works are his sermons说教, which are both rich and imaginative.1.2.6John Milton（约翰弥尔顿）失乐园，力士参孙（Samson Agonist）失乐园是分为12本书的史诗，原始故事取至圣经力士参孙：基于希蜡模式的戏剧诗主旨：意愿自由John Miltons The Parodise Lost tell us to beg to God for mercy or admire his power is more shameful.John Milton的作品分为三类：早期的的诗歌作品，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大的诗歌著作英国浪漫主义时期的作家John Milton的名作“失乐园”，取至圣经旧约（Testament）1、Paradise Lost is a long epic史诗 divided into 12 books. The original story is taken from the Bible.2、In 1671 appeared Miltons last important work Samson Agonistes力士
