1、1st Opposition, 1st Speaker“Leader of the Opposition”1st Proposition, 2nd Speaker“Deputy Prime Minister1st Opposition, 2nd Speaker“Deputy Leader of the Opposition”2nd Proposition, 1st Speaker“Member for the Government”2nd Opposition, 1st Speaker“Member for the Opposition”2nd Proposition, 2nd Speaker
2、“Government Whip”2nd Opposition, 2nd Speaker“Opposition Whip辩论模式简要辩手辩手名称时间正方一队，一辩首相Prime Minister7 分钟反方一队，一辩反对党领袖Leader of the Opposition正方一队，二辩副首相Deputy Prime Minister反方一队，二辩反对党副领袖Deputy Leader of the Opposition正方二队，一辩内阁成员Member for the Government反方二队，一辩反对党成员Member for the Opposition正方二队，二辩内阁党鞭陈词Go
3、vernment Whip反方二队，二辩反对党党鞭陈词Opposition WhipParliamentary Points of InformationDebaters may offer a point of information （either verbally or by rising） at any time after the first minute, and before the last minute, of any speech. The debater holding the floor may accept or refuse points of informatio
4、n. If accepted, the debater making the request has fifteen seconds present the point of information. During the point of information, the speaking time of the floor debater continues.If accepted, the debater offering the point of information is allowed to ask a question, offer a brief argument, or o
5、ffer a brief refutation of some point. The debater who accepted the point of information should respond to the point immediately. No other parliamentary points such as points of order or points of personal privilege are allowed.议会制辩论质询在所有陈词中，除第一分钟及最后一分钟外，辩手都可以口头示意或直接起立提出质询。正在发言的辩手可以接受或拒绝该质询。一旦质询被接受，
6、质询者有15秒的时间陈述自己的意见。质询时间将被计算在陈词时间内。如质询被接受，质询者可以提问、提出一个简要论点或者对某一观点进行简要反驳。正在发言的辩手应该立即对质询作出回应。议会制辩论中只允许质询这一种干预形式。Speaker Roles and Speech PurposesEach speaker has a role and each speech should have a purpose. The descriptions of speaker roles and speech purposes listed below are suggestive and are not in
7、tended to be exhaustive or exclusive. For reasons that vary from debate to debate, speakers may sometimes need to fulfill roles not mentioned here and speeches may be constructed to serve other purposes as long as proposition speakers affirm the proposition and opposition speakers oppose it. Debater
8、s will be judged on the overall strength of each teams arguments, not simply on whether or not they fulfilled the roles and responsibilities listed in the table below. All speakers, except the final speakers for the proposition and opposition （Proposition and Opposition Whips）, should introduce new
9、material into the debate. All debaters, except the opening speaker （Prime Minister）, should engage in refutation.Summary of Speaker Roles and ResponsibilitiesSpeakerRoles and ResponsibilitiesFirst PropositionThe primary role of First Proposition team, initiated in this speech, is to establish the fo
10、undation for meaningful debate on the motion. The Prime Ministers responsibilities may include some or all of the following: 1） offer a reasonable interpretation of the motion, 2） to present a case supporting that interpretation. A case is simply one or more arguments supporting the First Propositio
11、ns interpretation of the motion, and3） other strategies deemed important by the Prime Minister.First OppositionThe primary roles of the First Opposition team are to confront the First Governments case and to establish the First Oppositions strategy for opposing this case.The Leader of the Opposition
12、s responsibilities may include some or all of the following: 1） to directly or indirectly refute part or all of the governments case, 2） to make at least one argument that demonstrates why the First Opposition team opposes the motion as interpreted by the Prime Minister, and 3） to pursue other strat
13、egies deemed important by the “Leader of the Opposition.” The opposition speaker may also challenge the interpretation of the governments case if it is unreasonable, that is, if it completely misinterprets the motion the motion or severely inhibits meaningful debate.“Deputy Prime Minister”The Deputy
14、 Prime Ministers responsibilities may include some or all of the following:1） to reestablish the First Propositions case by confronting any refutation presented by the Leader of the Opposition, 2） to refute some or all of the arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition. 3） to further develop
15、 the case presented by the Prime Minister, and 4） other strategies deemed important by the Deputy Prime Minister.The Deputy Leader of the Oppositions responsibilities may include some or all of the following:1） to continue refutation initiated by the Leader of the Opposition, 2） to reestablish the L
16、eader of Oppositions arguments against the motion, 3） to initiate a new argument against the motion as interpreted by the First Proposition team, and4） to purse other strategies as deemed important by the Deputy Leader of the Opposition.Second Proposition“Member of the Government”The primary roles o
17、f the Second Proposition team are to support the First Proposition team while simultaneously moving the proposition position in a new and positive direction. The responsibilities of the Member of the Government may include some or all of the following:1） to briefly support the case developed by the
18、First Proposition team, 2） to introduce a different argument, sometimes called a “case extension” which is consistent with yet different from the case introduced by the First Proposition team, and 3） to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Member of the Government. Second Opposition“Membe
19、r of the Opposition”The primary roles of the Second Opposition team are to support the First Opposition team while simultaneously moving the opposition position in a new and positive direction. The responsibilities of the Member of the Opposition may include some or all of the following: 1） to brief
20、ly support one or more arguments introduced by the First Opposition team, 2） to introduce direct and/or indirect refutation to the case extension presented by the Member of Government, 3） to introduce some new argument, compatible with, but different from that of the First Opposition Team, and 4） to
21、 pursue other strategies deemed important by the Member of Opposition.The responsibilities of the Government Whip may include some or all of the following:1） to support any new arguments introduced by the Member of Government, 2） to reply to any new arguments introduced by the Member of Opposition,
22、3） to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition Teams, especially from that of the Second Proposition team, and 4） to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Government Whip. The Government Whip should not introduce new arguments into the debate.“Opposition Whip”The respon
23、sibilities of the Opposition Whip may include some or all of the following:1） to support any new arguments introduced by the Member of Opposition, 2） to reply to any new arguments introduced by the Member of Government, 3） to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition Teams, especi
24、ally from that of the Second Opposition team, and 4） to pursue other strategies deemed important by the Opposition Whip.辩手职责以及陈词目的每位辩手在辩论中各司其职，每一次陈词也各有其目的。下表列出了辩手职责和陈词目的，但无法穷尽，也非硬性规定。根据每场辩论的具体情况，辩手可能需要履行下表未提及的职责，陈词目的也可能有所变化，但只要遵循“正方维护辩题、反方攻击辩题”的规则即可。裁判将根据各队论点的有力程度为各辩手评分，而不是简单地根据其完成自己职责的程度评分。以下列出的职责仅
25、供参考。除正反方最后一名辩手（内阁党鞭和反对党党鞭）外，所有的辩手都应引入新内容。除正方一辩（首相）外，所有辩手都应进行反驳。辩手职责及义务小结队伍职责与义务正方一队首相正方一队的首要任务是为一场有意义的辩论打造一个平台。首相的职责可参考以下数点：1）合理诠释辩题，下定义；2）给出支持该论点的论证体系。论证体系是指支持第一正方论点的一个或数个论据；3） 使用任何首相认为重要的策略。反方一队反对党领袖反方一队的首要职责在于回应正方一队提出的论证体系；并给出反对辩题的原因。反对党领袖的职责可参考以下数点：1） 直接或间接反驳正方部分或全部论证体系；2）至少给出一个理由，阐明反方为何反对首相诠释的辩
26、题；3）使用任何反对党领袖认为重要的策略。必要时，反对党领袖可以质疑正方给出的辩题定义，如正方给出定义完全不合理或严重影响辩论质量。质疑定义只能正方在极端曲解辩题时使用。副首相副首相的职责参考如下：1） 攻击反对党领袖对正方提出的反驳，并重新建立起正方论据；2） 反驳反方提出的部分或所有论据；3） 深入阐释 正方论证体系；4） 使用任何副首相认为重要的其它策略。反对党副领袖反对党副领袖的职责参考如下：1） 继续反驳正方论据；2） 重申反对党领袖反对辩题的论据；3） 继续阐释反方一队反对辩题的理由；4） 使用任何反对党副领袖认为重要的其它策略。正方二队内阁成员正方二队的基本职责是支持正方一队的观
27、点，同时提出己方新的论据支持辩题。正方二队应在不抛弃正方一队论点的基础上形成和发展自己独立的论证。内阁成员的职责参考如下：1） 简要支持正方一队的观点；2） 阐释 一个或数个独立的、与正方一队不重复的论点；3） 使用任何政府成员认为重要的策略。反方二队反对党成员反方二队的基本职责是支持反方一队的观点，同时提出新的论据反对辩题。反方二队应在不抛弃反方一队论点的基础上形成和发展自己独立的论证。反对党成员的职责参考如下：1） 简要支持第一反方的观点；2） 直接或间接反驳内阁成员引入的新论点；3） 阐释 一个或数个独立的、与第一反方不重复的论点；4） 使用任何反对党成员认为重要的策略。内阁党鞭内阁党鞭
28、的职责参考如下：1） 维护政府成员提出的新论点；2） 回应反对党成员提出的新论点；3） 从正方（特别是正方二队）的角度总结整场辩论；4） 使用任何正方陈词认为重要的策略。内阁党鞭除反驳反对党成员提出的论点外，不可引入任何新论点。反对党党鞭反对党党鞭的职责参考如下：1） 维护反对党成员提出的新论点；2） 回应政府成员提出的新论点；3） 从反方（特别是第二反方）的角度总结整场辩论；4） 使用任何反对党党鞭认为重要的策略；反方陈词不可引入任何新论点。AdjudicationFour-team parliamentary debates typically are judged by a panel of adjudicators trained to judge this form of debate. Following the debate, each of the four teams is ranked first through fourth and each speaker on each team is assigned a certain number of speaker points fo
