1、 The “over-soul” as called by Emerson was an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was a part. Generally, the over-soul referred to spirit of God as the most important thing in the universe. Emersons Nature is
2、called manifesto of transcendentalism. The American Scholar （1837） is regarded as “Americas Second Declaration of Independence / Declaration of Intellectual （Cultural） Independence” Be familiar with the essay Self-reliance. 拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生 知道一些关于超验主义。记得爱默生作为这一哲学的领袖：超验主义指的是一种态度，相信人的直觉认识真理的能力的识别，或实现知识超越感官。主
3、要概念1）直觉的力量。 2）精神第一，物质二。3）自然象征精神或上帝。4）个体在社会/自立的最重要的元素5）宗教作为一种情感交流个人灵魂和宇宙的“超灵” 6）商务降级/较少关注物质世界“结束”艾默生称作是一种无孔不入的整体精神力量的善良的灵魂，无所不在，无所不能，这一切来的都是一部分。一般来说，过度的灵魂提到上帝的灵魂是宇宙中最重要的东西。爱默生的自然是被称为“超验主义”宣言。美国学者（1837）被誉为“美国的第二次申报知识/独立宣言（文化）独立”熟悉文章“自力更生”。Henry David Thoreau Remember Thoreau masterpiece. Tell the main
4、 contents of Walden in your own words. 亨利戴维梭罗 记得梭罗的杰作。 告诉瓦尔登湖的主要内容用自己的话。Nathaniel Hawthorne Introduce The Scarlet Letter in your own words. The influence of Puritanism on The Scarlet Letter. Analyze the main characters. Tell the symbolic meanings of the letter A. List Hawthornes major works. 纳撒尼尔霍桑
5、介绍红字用你自己的话。 清教对红字的影响。 分析主要人物。 告诉字母A的象征意义”。 霍桑主要作品列表。Herman Melville Be able to list Melvilles major works. Be able to retell the story of Moby Dick in your own words. Be able to analyze the character Captain Ahab. Be able to tell the symbolic meanings of Moby Dick, the ship Pequod and the coffin: th
6、e White Whale can be read as an allegorical representation of an unknowable God or the mysterious force of nature; the Pequod is a symbol of doom/death; Queequegs coffin alternately symbolizes life and death. The influence of Puritanism on Moby Dick. 赫尔曼梅尔维尔 可以列出Melville的主要作品。 能用自己的话复述Moby Dick的故事。
7、能够分析人物Ahab船长。 能够告诉Moby Dick的象征意义，船和棺材：白鲸可以解读为一个不可知的上帝或大自然的神秘力量的一种象征；是厄运和死亡的象征；Queequeg的灵柩交替象征着生命和死亡。 清教思想对Moby Dick的影响。Walt Whitman Remember Whitmans most important work. What is free verse? A kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre: the length of its lines is irregular, as is its
8、use of rhymeif any. Instead of regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices of repetition. Now the most widely practiced verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poe
9、ms of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman. Be familiar with the poem O Captain, My Captain and know its main idea. 沃尔特怀特曼 记住怀特曼最重要的工作。 自由诗是什么？一种不符合任何格律的诗：它的线条长度不规则，如用韵。而不是常规的格律采用更灵活的节奏或韵律的分组，以照应和重复其他设备有时支持。现在是英语中使用最广的诗歌形式，它在圣经圣歌和布
10、莱克和歌德的一些诗歌中有先例，但只有在第十九世纪末和第二十世纪，沃尔特惠特曼才建立起自己。 熟悉船长的诗，我的船长，知道它的主要思想。Emily Dickinsonv Be familiar with her three poems in the textbook and their themes.v Know something about Dickinsons poetic features: A. Her poems have no titles, hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of eac
11、h poem.v B: particular stress pattern: dash“ ”v C: Capital letters as a means of emphasis;v D: Language: brief, direct, and plain;v E: Poem: short, always on original images or symbols v F: Conventional meters, iambic tetrameter, off-rhymes.v G: Short poetic lines, condensed by using intense metapho
12、rs and by extensive use of ellipsis.v 狄金森v 熟悉她的三在教科书和他们的诗的主题。v 知道狄金森的诗性特征的东西：她的诗没有标题，因此每一首诗的第一行总是引用作为每首诗的题目。v B：特殊应力模式：短跑“-”v C：大写表示强调；v D：语言：简单、直接、朴素的；v E：诗：短，总是对原始图像或符号v F：常规米，四音步抑扬格，无韵。v G：短的诗句，用强烈的隐喻和省略大量使用浓缩。Mark Twain What was Mark Twains true name?Samuel Langhorne Clemens What does his pen na
13、me mean? What book of his is thought to be the best one about which Hemingway said “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain? What is his first real novel? What is its sequel? Name three of his other works. Retell the short story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Count
14、y. What do you know about Mark Twains Style? Vernacular Language: Mark Twain wrote in his unpretentious, colloquial, and poetic style. He used vernacular language. The directness of the language is a very influential point in Twains style. Local Color: Twain depicted social life through descriptions
15、 of local places and people he knew best and believed that “the most valuable capital, or culture, or education usable in the building of novels is personal experience.” Cracker-barrel Philosopher: Twain adopted the moral stance of a cracker-barrel philosopher. This term is often used to mean someon
16、e who understands folk wisdom, has a pretty good common sense of view of life, and is pretty realistic about social problems. Twain was that kind of a person. Stephen Crane The definition of American Naturalism. Remember Stephen Cranes important works. Be familiar with The Open Boat and know the the
17、mes of the short story.F. Scott Fitzgerald Remember Fitzgerald as the spokesman of the Jazz Age and his major works. Be able to introduce The Great Gatsby and make comments about Gatsby.William Faulkner Remember some of Faulkners famous works. Know something about his writing features: a. complex pl
18、ot b. stream of consciousness c. characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters d. violation of chronology e. courtroom rhetoric: formal language f. multiple points of view, circular form Be familiar with Barn Burning and know the conflict in it. Ernest Hemingway Remember h
19、im as the spokesman of the Lost Generation. Memorize Hemingways major works. Know the theme of the short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place: The theme of Nada /nothingness is the keynote of the whole story. Nada means hopelessness, aimlessness and meaninglessness of life. Nearly all the characters li
20、ve in Nada. Faced with “nothing in the modern society now and then, man should seek light and order to establish dignity in life. Hemingways Iceberg principle: His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full
21、meaning of his writing. Certainly, there are moments when the reader feels the suggestion of vast meaning beneath Hemingways few, spare words. Hemingways Code Hero: The “Hemingway Code” of manhood does not involve mere physical strength, sexual potency, or ability to accumulate （or spend） wealth. Ac
22、cording to this code, a man is defined by will, pride, and endurance: the endurance to accept pain, even loss-when the loss cannot be avoided; the pride of knowing that one has done ones best, with the courage to act truly according to ones own nature; and the will to face defeat or victory without
23、whining on one hand or boasting on the other. Ezra Pound Remember Ezra Pounds most important work The Cantos. Be familiar with In a Station of the Metro and know the images in it. Remember the three Imagist poetic principles: direct treatment of the “thing”（no fuss, frill, or ornament）, exclusion of
24、 superfluous words（precision and economy of expression）, the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of a metronome（free verse form and music）Wallace Stephens Be familiar with his poem Anecdote of the Jar. Remember the symbolic meaning of the jar.William Carlos Williams Be familiar wit
25、h his poem The Red Wheelbarrow. Images in The Red Wheelbarrow.Robert Frost His four collections of poems that won Pulitzer Prizes. Be familiar with the three poems of his in the textbook. Symbolic meaning of road. Theme in Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Langston HughesBe familiar with his poe
26、m Me and the Mule.Images in Me and the MuleEugene Gladstone ONeillv Remember ONeill as the father/founder of modern American theatre.v Remember the four plays which won him Pulitzer Prizes: Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, Long Days Journey into Night.v Introduce the play Desire Under the Elms and analyze the tragic elements in it. Themes of Desire Under the Elms.
