1、4. the Bracebrige Hall and Tales of a Traveler.5. the Alhambra is usually regarded as Irvings “Spanish Skethch Book”. Only because it has a strong flavor of spanish culture.6.Irings taste was essentially conservative.7. washing Ivings has always been regarded as a writer who perfected the best class
2、ic sytle that American Literature ever produced.8. Washing Iving is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.9. Irvings pervasive theme of nostalgia怀旧的） for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.第二位：Emerson1. Transcendentalism -the romantic peri
3、od in the history of American literature.2. the chief spokesman of this spiritual movement is Ralph Waldo Emerson3. transcendental club, the unofficial manifesto for the club is Nature.4. Nature did not establish him as an important American writer, his last reputation began with the publication of
4、Essays, which convey the best of his philosophical discussions and transcendental pursuits. Such as The American Scholar , Self-Reliance , The Over-Soul.5. The Poet, a reflection upon the aesthetic problems of the present state of American literature6. The Experience, a discussion about the conflict
5、 between idealism and ordinary life.7. transcendentalism-with its focus on the intuitive konwledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man. Emerson put forward his philosopy of over-soul, the importance of individual, nature.8. emerson and other transcendentalis
6、ts believed that there should be a emtotional comunication between a individual soul and the universal over-soul.9. a “transparent eyeball” marks a paradoxical state of being, in which one is merged into nature, the over-soul. While at the same time retaining a unique perception of experience.10. em
7、ersons essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals and lectures. 11. 堪称“the American Scolar”12. in the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main priciples of his transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.第三位：Hawthorne1. Hawthorne remains one of the most i
8、nteresting, yet most ambivalent （矛盾情感）writers in the American literary history.2. The Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.3. The Mosses of an Old Manse, Snow-Image and other Twice-Told Tales best demonstrate Hawthornes early obsessions with the moral an
9、d phycological consequences of pride, selfishness and secret guilt that manifest themselves in human beings. 4. The Scarlet Letter often regarded as the best of his works, tells a simply but very moving story in which 4 people living in a Puritan Community are involved in and affected by the sin of
10、adultery in different ways.5. The House of the Seven Gables 6. The Blithedale Romance（福谷传奇） is a novel he wrote to reveal his own experiences on the Brook Farm and his own methods as a psychological novelist.7. The Mable Faun（玉石雕像） set in Italy, the book is concerned about the dark aberrations（失常方面）
11、 of human spirit. 8. The Birthmark9. The Young Goodman Brown everyone possesses evil secret 10. The Ministers Dark Veil 11. The Rappaccinis Daughter12. Hawthornes view of man, human history originates, to a great extent, in Puritanism13. The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter 反清教思想，同时反
12、清教思想on the one hand, it provides him with a subject, on the other hand, with the Puritan world and society as a historical background, he disscusses some of the most improtant issues that concern the moral life of man and human society.14. the structure and form of his writings is always carefully w
13、orked out to cater for the thematic concern.（精心设计的）15. allegorist预言家 symbolist 第四位：walt whitman1. Leaves of Grass is Whitmans representative work, 体现了American democratic ideals 反映了American Independent War and Cival War.2. Leaves of Grass has nine editions. In this giant work, openness, freedom, indi
14、vidualism are all that concerned him. His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetic feelings and to initiate poetic traditon in which difference should be recognized.3. the poets essential purpose was to indentify his ego with the world and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse”
15、 of the America, which is established in the openning lines of the “Song of Myself”4. most of poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse”and the self as well.5. politically committed 政治抒情诗such as Dump Taps 6. Cavalry Crossing a Ford, Whitman expressed much mouring for the sufferings of the young
16、 lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on fighting until the final victory.7. when Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd mournful as these poems are, a reader can detect a thin trace of ecstasy for the victory of the progress.8. Whitmans potetic style is marked by the use of the
17、poetic”9. free verse, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.10. parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines are contribute to the musicality of his poems.11. one of the most often-used methods in his poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind
18、s eye of the readers.第五位 Herman Melville1. Moby-Dick is his masterpiece.2. Billy Budd, his second famous work3. Melvilles writings can be divided into two groups, each with something in common in the light of the thematic concern and imginative focus.4. Typee, Omoo, Mardi which drew from his adventu
19、res among the people of the south pacific island. Redburn is a semi-autobiographical novel, concerining the sufferings of a genteel youth among the brutal sailors. Whitejacket relates his life on the United States of man-of war.5. pierre 作者本意是想发动妇女文学革命，但却遭到强烈反对，结果名声下降。6. Bartleby , the Scrivenr, a s
20、hort story symbolizing the loniness and anonymity and passivity of a little man in the big city. Benito Cereno, a novella about a ship whose black slave cargo munity holds their captain a terrorized hostage. The Confidence- Man, explore the paradoxes of belief and the optimisms and hypocrisies of Am
21、erican life. 7. Billy Budd, which again deals with the sea and sailors , and the theme of the conflice betwwen innocence and corruption.8. Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.9. 有关人物和文章主题意思请细看教科书。第二部分现实主义时期The Realistic Period1. The period of ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been ref
22、erred to as the age of realism in the literary history of the United States. 2. Realism was a reaction against the romanticism or a move away from the bias and towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way for modernism.3. Mark Twain referred to as the Gilded Age. 4. William Dean How
23、ells Criticism and Fiction. He confess I do not care to judge any work of the imagination without first applying this test to it .5. The three prominent writers of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry James.6. they approached the harsh realities and pressures in the post-cival War
24、society either by a comprehensive picture of modern life in its various occupations , class stratifications and manners, or by a psycological exploration of mans subconsciousness.7. Tough the three prominent writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “tr
25、uth”. Mark Twain and Howells paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans. Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the innner world of man. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived. Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at
26、the forfront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as the local colorism, a unique variation of American literary realism. 8. 除了Mark Twain, the other local colorists may include Sarah Orne Jewett, Hamlin Garland, Joseph Kirkland. 9. Generally, their
27、 writhings are concerned with the life of a small and well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists are consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentim
28、entality, they dedicated themselves to miutely accurate desciptions of the life of their regions.10. 达尔文进化论对美国思想的影响和19世纪法国文学对美国的影响，产生了other school of realism, American naturalism. Darwin, in his The Origin of Species, Descent of Man hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from the lower
29、 way of life. 11. In a word, naturalism is evolved from the realism when the authors tune become less serious and less sympothetic but more ironic and pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human exsistence.第一位Mark Twain第二位Henry James1、 Henry James was t
30、he first American writer to conceive his career in international theme.2、 William James, who made great contribution to the theory of stream-of-consciousness technique.3、 The materialistic bent of the American life and its lack of culture and sophistication, be believed, could not provide him with e
31、nough materials for great literary works.4、 1915. he became a naturalized British citizen. The order of Merit 5、 it is his novels and literary essays that make him a fascinating case in the American literary history and a conspicuous figure in world literature. 6、 The literary career of Henry James is generally divided into 3 periods. In the firsr period, James took great interest in international themes. In alm
