1、fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese * 总是使用复数形式的 clothes, trousers, people, shoes, boots, socks, stockings, pants, shorts, earrings, glasses 3. 不可数名词（不可数名词没有复数形式） *物质名词量的表达方式：物质名词是不可数名词，表示物质名词的量，可以用以下两种方式 1） 用形容词或短语修：little, a little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等 2） 用容器表示：a cu
2、p of, a glass of, a bottle of, a bowl of, a piece of, a loaf of, a slice of等。表示两杯，四张等概念时，在容器后加复数，同时，谓语动词要与容器的数保持一致。3） 注意下面的用法：The horse is useful. （可数、类别） A horse is useful. （可数、类别） Horses are useful. （复数、类别） I like music. （不可数、非特指） I like the music in this CD. （不可数、特指） 4. 名词和形容词注意用法。wool - woolen,
3、sun - sunny, wind - windy, rain - rainy, snow - snowy, shower - showery, mist - misty, cloud - cloudy, luck - lucky, noise - noisy, friend - friendly, pleasure - pleasant, danger - dangerous, difference - different, health - healthy, difficulty - difficult 1. The _ is in the sky. Its a _ day today.
4、（sun, sunny） 2. _ is very important. If you want to keep _, you must do exercise every day. （health, healthy） 3. Oh, my God, bad _. I lost the game again. I am not _ today. （luck, lucky） 4. The boy is in _. Lets hurry and help him out of the _ place. （danger, dangerous） 5. The _ boys are making _ in
5、 the classroom now. （noise, noisy） 5. 各国情况一览表 国家 国的 国人 人的复数 China Chinese Chinese Chinese Japan Japanese Japanese Japanese England English Englishman （woman） Englishmen （women） Britain British British man （woman） British men （women） France French Frenchman （woman） Frenchmen （women） Germany German Ge
6、rman Germans America American American Americans Australia Australian Australian Australians Russia Russian Russian Russians Canada Canadian Canadian Canadians 6. 名词的所有格（作形容词用，修饰名词） * 有生命的事物可在其后加s，表示所属。单数名词s：a dogs tail, Helens doctor 复数名词s：a girls school, ladies hats 特殊变化的复数，变化后再加s：Womens Day, chil
7、drens palace 复合名词在最后一个词后加s：somebody elses umbrella, each others names 表示几个人共同拥有一样东西，在最后一个人的名字后加s：Lucy and Lilys mother 表示东西分别属于几个人，则在每个人的名字后都加s：Lucys and Lilys schoolbags * 无生命的事物，可用“the/a + 所有物 + of + 所有者”表示所属： a map of China, the door of this classroom, the leaves of the tree * 表示价格、距离、时间、重量等的名词可加
8、s或s表示所属： todays newspaper, twenty miles journey, three pounds weight, ten dollars coffee * 当限定词与名词或代词的所有格修饰同一个名词时，两者不能同时放在该名词的前面，必须用“双重所有格”的形式，即“a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no等 + 名词 + of + 所有格形式”表示所属。a classmate of mine, a friend of his brothers 第二部分 冠词 1不能单独使用的虚词，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明这个名词
9、的含义。2定冠词the （1）用于重新提到的人或事物的前面。（2）用于说话双方丢知道的人或事物的前面。（3）用于单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。（The horse is useful） （4）用于世界上独一无二的事物前面。the world, the sun, the universe （5）用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前面。 the USA, the UN, the Great Wall, the Summer Palace （6）用于序数词、形容词最高级及only所修饰的名词前面。the first, the most interesting, the only person （7
10、）用于姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或夫妇。 the Whites The Whites are having supper now. （8）用于表乐器的名词前面。（9）用语某些形容词前面，表示某一类人或事物。the rich, the old In our country, the old are living a happy life. （10）不用定冠词的情况：三餐、球类、棋类、游戏名词的前面。have lunch, play basketball, play chess He can play the piano, but he cant play football. 3不定冠词a和a
11、n （1）用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类，具有“一个”的意思，但不强调是一个。A horse is useful A boy is standing under the tree. （2）修饰的名词以辅音因素开头或修饰的名词前有辅音因素开头的形容词时，使用a。a European, a university, a new airport, a good example （3）修饰的名词以元音因素开头或修饰的名词前有元音因素开头的形容词时，使用an。an hour, an honest boy, an important meeting, an amazing park 4注意下
12、列无冠词词组：go to school/work/hospital/college, at school/work, in hospital, at home, at noon/night, at last, by bus/car/air/plane/ water/ship/boat/ bike, on foot 第三部分 数词 1基数词用于记数，和hundred, thousand, million, billion等位数组合使用时，这些位数只用单数形式。two thousand, five million。注意区分：millions of, hundreds of 2序数词用于数数。3由基
13、数词变序数词时，通常在基数词结尾加th，表示“整十位数”的基数词词尾由ty变为tieth，特殊变化总结：one - first, two - second, three - third, five - fifth, nine ninth, twelve - twelfth 易写错的：nine nineteen ninety ninth nineteenth ninetieth four fourteen forty fourth fourteenth fortieth 4表示次数的特殊词：once, twice 5分数表示法：分子用基数，分母用序数，分子大于一，分母加s。如果带整数，之间加an
14、d。1/5 = one fifth, 2/3 = two thirds, 1/2 = a half/one half, 1/4 = one fourth/a quarter, 3/4 = three fourths/three quarters 第四部分 代词 1代词分为人称代词、物主代词、自身（反身）代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词。易错的代词：ourselves themselves yourselves Help yourselves, boys. She is a friend of mine/my fathers. My book is on the floor
15、. 和The book on the floor is mine. 2. it的用法 1） 代替前面提到过的名词。- Where is the chair? - Its in the living room. 2） 指时间、天气和距离。What time is it? It was hot yesterday. Its three miles to the station. 3） 作形式主语和形式宾语。Its wrong to tell a lie. I think it better to do so. I find it easy to learn English. 3指示代词的基本用法
16、1）指示代词有this, that, these, those，可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语和定语。2）为了避免重复，可以用that, those代替前面提到过的名词，不可数名词通常要用that 来代替。 The weather of Kunming is better than that of Beijing. The radios made in Shanghai are as good as those made in Tianjin. 3）this, that都可以指上文提到过的事情，但若指下文将要叙述的事情，只能用this。He was ill. That/This is why h
17、e didnt come. What I hope is this. You will finish it in two hours. 4. 不定代词的基本用法 1不定代词一览表 可数 each, one, many, few, a few, both, another, either, neither 不可数 much, little, a little 可数和不可数 all, some, none, such, any, other 复合不定代词 anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, everybo
18、dy, everyone, everything 2易混淆的不定代词 （1）some, any some any 修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。用于肯定句和表示建议、请求的疑问句中（期待一个肯定答案）。I have some books/money.Would you like some meat? （表建议）Is there some butter in the fridge?（期待一个肯定答案） 用于疑问句、否定句及条件句。She doesnt have any brothers or sisters.Did you any of the teachers? （单纯提问）If you ha
19、ve any questions you can ask me. （2）few, a few, little, a little 用法 含义 肯定（有一点） 否定（几乎没有）（有，但不够用） 可数 a few （only a few）There are a few pears on the table. few （very few）I can see few flowers in the garden. 不可数 a little （only a little）There is a little sugar in the jar. little （very little）There is lit
20、tle bread for supper. Wed better buy some. （3）many, much many much 表示数量多，相当于a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。修饰可数名词复数，相当于a large number of。There are many tall buildings in this area. 修饰不可数名词，相当于a great deal of。The girl drank much water after running. （4）either, any either any 均有“任一个”的含义。指两个人或物中的任一个。Eit
21、her of the twins can tell you the address. 指两个以上的人或物中的任一个。Any of my classmates knows the answer. （5）each, every each every 均有“每一个”的含义。指两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个，侧重强调个体、个性。There are many trees on each side of the street. each of them （对） every of them （错） 指两个以上的人或物中的一个，侧重强调全体、共性。There were policemen on each/ev
22、ery side of the square.They each have an apple. （对）They every have an apple. （错） （6）both, all both all 均有“全部，都”的含义。指两个人或物Both of my parents are doctors. I see with both of my eyes. 指两个以上的人或物All of my classmates came to my birthday party. （7）neither, none neither none 均有“都不” 的含义。指两个人或物中任意一个都不。She pic
23、ked up the paper with neither of her hands. 指两个以上人或物中任意一个都不。I know none of the three girls. （8）each other, one another each other one another 均有“彼此、互相”的含义。指两者之间互相。The couple hated each other. 指两者以上之间互相。All the family members love one another. 现代英语中常可互换。（9） 搭配 含义 oneanother 一个（随意的）另一个（无范围）I dont like
24、 this one. Please show me another. onethe other 一个（剩余仅有的）另一个（有范围：有且只有两个）I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is black. onethe others 一个（剩余所有）其余的（有范围）（相当于the rest）Five students were in the computer room. One was a boy and the others were girls. someothers 一些别的（无范围）Some （people） like swimming
25、and others like jogging. somethe others 一些（剩余所有）其余的（有范围）（相当于the rest）I know only some of the students here; the others are strangers to me. 1） I dont like this one. Please show me _. 2） Take the books you need and _ are mime. 3） I have two dogs; one is white, and _ is black. 4） Some （people） like sw
26、imming and _ like running. 5） Five students were in the computer room. One was a boy and _ students were girls. 第五部分 形容词和副词 1形容词和副词的基本用法 * 形容词用作句子的表语、定语和宾语补足语。The park is nice.（作表语） She is a polite girl. （作定语）The news made him very happy. （作宾补） * 副词用作句子的状语。They sang loudly. （修饰动词） Your work is quite good. （修饰形容词） You speak English very well. （修饰副词） Luckily, he missed the accident. （修饰全句） He can play th
