1、英语应用文写作,写作评分原则及标准,作文评分标准从表达和语言两方面，只给一个分数，即给印象分(global/impression marking)。评分时应给考生应得(rewarding)分数评定，不要扣分(penalty)方式评定。分数可以为四个等级，即：1）内容完整，表达清楚；语言上仅有很少的错误。2)内容较完整，表达尚清楚；有一些语言错误，可以有个别句子结构上的错误。3)内容大体完整，表达可被勉强理解；有较多的语言错误，包括少量严重错误。4)内容不完整，但是没有离题；表达上有较大的困难；语言有很多错误，包括少量严重错误。,写作技巧指导,常用文体：1 商务信函2 电子邮件3 征稿启事4 招
2、聘广告5 通知公告,普通高校英语应用写作主要以测试学生应用文写作为主，主要包括商务信函、报告、合同、通知、履历等等。,修改完善,1）从全局进行检查修改。主要是文章的格式内容是否符合题目要求。2）局部检查，即段落层次上的检查。检查的重点是段内各句衔接是否紧凑，语义是否连贯，要避免使用含有歧义的句子以及不必要的重复。3）语言检查，句子是否完整，语句是否符合语法。4）检查标点符号。大小写是否符合写作规范。总之，修改后的文章符合商务写作的7C 要求，即Courtesy(礼貌）,Consideration（体谅）,Completeness（完整）,Clarity（清楚）,Conciseness（简洁）,
3、Concreteness（具体）,Correctness（正确）.,书信 书信是重要的交际工具，普通高校高职高专应用考试大纲要求考生能写简短的英文书信，并对格式等作出了相应的要求。这一类书信主要包括事务信函和私人信函。事务信函一般谈论或处理重要事务，包括诸如推荐信、谋职信、申请信、邀请信、贸易邀约和答复、感谢信、索赔信等等。所有这一类信件均为相对来讲正式的文体，应遵循一定的格式和套用礼貌语等。,Chapter One Letters1.Addressing an Envelope:,Notice1）The English address is rightly opposite to the C
4、hinese one.a)When you finish each line,you can add a“comma”or omit it;but you must add it if there exists“break-up”分解.b)Omit the name of country if it is written within the same country or city or town.c)Dont add“No:”before the doorplate门牌号.Dont add“,”after the number.d)“Road,Street,Avenue”（街道）can b
5、e abbreviated as“Rd.,St.,Ave.”,e)Different countries have their different code standard.For examples,America takes 5 digit;Australia,4;and British takes digits mixed with letters.f)Other abbreviated words：Apt.(Apartment),Bldg.(Building),Blvd.(Boulevard),Co.(Company),Corp.(Corporation),Dept.(Departme
6、nt),Inc.(Incorporated),Sq.(Square),N.W.E.W.(North,South,East,West),S.E.(Southeast),N.W.(Northwest),2）The stamp must be stuck on the right top of the envelop.3）“c/o”（代表care of）.e.g.Miss Zhang Luoqi（收信人姓名）c/o Ms Sun Wenfang（转交者姓名）Editor of the Washington Post（转交者所在单位）136 Market St.（转交者单位的地址）Rushville,
7、Missouri4）The add-ons must be written on the left bottom.The usual add-ons are“_airmail_（航空信）,_registered letter_（挂号信）,_ printed matter _（印刷品）,_dispatch_（急件）,_ express_（快件）,etc.,2.Structure of a letter英语书信的结构：英文书信通常包括6个组成部分：信头（heading，包括寄信人地址和日期);信内地址（inside address，指收信人地址);称呼（salutation）;正文（body）;结
8、束语（complimentary）;签名（signature）;有时候还包括附言（postscript）和 附件（attachment）。在考试中，由于篇幅所限，只要求考生在书信中包括称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分。Two minor parts:Postscript;Enclosure,2.1 HeadingForms of heading:a)Block Form;Indented Form（缩进）;b)Close punctuation(封闭式，每行后用逗号，最后一行用句号);Open punctuation（开放式，每行均不用，普遍）,190 Phoenix Road,Atlanta
9、,Georgia,U.S.A.Jan.15,2001.,190 Phoenix Road Atlanta,Georgia U.S.A.Jan.15,2001,1.信头（Heading）信头是指发信人的地址和日期，通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写，也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大：门牌号、街道、城市、省（州）、邮编、国名，最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如：123 Tianhe RoadTianhe DistrictGuangzhou 510620Guangdong ProvinceP.R.C.March 15,2002,发信日期的写法：年份应完全写出，不能简写。月
10、份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May,June,July,因为较短，不可缩写。写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，28，29，30，31等，也可用序数词 lst,2nd,3rd,4th,5th,28th,29th,30th,31st等。但最好用基数 词，简单明了。日期可有下列几种写法：Oct.20,2004；10 May.,2004；3rd June,2004；Sept.16th,2004。其中，最为通用。,Exercise:Rewrite the following address and date into a heading:California/Wo
11、odside/21st Feb.1998/U.S.A./21 Brooke St.2)New York/504 West 94th St/N.Y./24th June,1998/U.S.A,信内地址（Inside Address）信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项，在私人信件中，这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角，格式与寄信人地址一样。,写信人地址（Address of the writer）写信日期（Date）信内（收信人）地址（Inside Address）-称呼（Salutation）正文（the Body of the Letter）-.结束语（Com
12、plimentary Close）署名,2.2 Salutation(招呼）.The salutation is directly addresses the recipient of the letter and is followed by a colon（冒号:）(except when a friendly,familiar,sociable tone is intended,in which case a comma is used).Notice:In the simplified letter format,the salutation line is eliminated al
13、together.Salutations with“dear”may be“Dear Dad,Dear Mr.Brown,Dear Smith,My dear mother,Dear Madam,Dear Sirs,Dear Prof.Plate”;without“dear”are“Mrs.Walter,Gentlemen,To whom it may concern”,etc.,If you dont know whether the recipient is a man or woman,the traditional practice has been to write Dear Sir
14、 or Dear Sirs.But thats sexist!To avoid this problem,salutations such as Dear Sir or Madame,Dear Ladies and Gentlemen,Dear Friends,or Dear People have been tried but without much general acceptance.Deleting（删除）the salutation line altogether or inserting To Whom It May Concern in its place,is not ord
15、inarily a good solution either.Its impersonal.The best solution is to make a quick,anonymous phone call to the organization and ask for a name;Or,address the salutation to a department name,committee name,or a position name:Dear Personnel Department,Dear Recruitment Committee,Dear Chairperson,Dear D
16、irector of Financial Aid,for example.,称呼（Salutation）称呼是对收信人的称谓，应与左边线对齐，写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后，英国人常用逗号，美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字，但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如：DearProfessor/Prof.Bergen:DearDr.Johnson,对不相识的人可按性别称呼：DearSir:或DearMadam:DearLadies。如果不知收信人的性别则可用DearSirorMadam:,2.3 Body of the letter.Th
17、e actual message of course is contained in the body of the letter,the paragraphs between the salutation and the complimentary close.正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是，英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，再阐明写信的目的，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的，然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求，并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时，应该直截了当，意思明确，层次清楚，言简意赅。书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语。一般说来，人们习惯用一些客套的写法
18、作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己写信的主要目的。,正文写作格式：正文的写作格式主要有英式和美式两种。1)英式结构即缩进式结构，属于比较传统的结构,即每一段的第一行都向里缩进4-8个字符，且所有段落的缩进距离必须保持一致；称呼顶格写，落款则在中间偏右的位置。2)美式结构则是齐头式结构，其特点是所有段落的第一行都顶格写，段与段之间空一行，另外称呼、落款等也都顶格写。商业信函以及电子邮件最好使用齐头式。,缩进式：Dear Kate,I wonder if you can
19、 lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing.I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis,and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting.Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half,and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you.I assure you
20、that I will maintain the book in good condition.If possible,please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book.Thanks a lot.Yours,Judy,齐头式：Dear Kate,I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing.I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis,and need to
21、 consult the book now and then for standard formatting.Thus I might need to keep thebook for about a month and a half,and I hope that would notbring any inconvenience to you.I assure you that I willmaintain the book in good condition.If possible,please give me a call and I will come by your house to
22、 pick up the book.Thanks a lot.Yours,Judy,2.4 Complimentary close.（信尾客套话）Sincerely yours,Cordially,Respectfully,or Respectfully yours,.公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分：发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行，第一个字母要大写，套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Trulyyours,Yourstruly,Respectfullyyours,Yoursrespectfully,Faithfullyyours,Yoursfaithfu
23、lly,Sincerelyyours,Yourssincerely Yours truly,Yours 等。私人信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Sincerely yours,Lovely yours,Your lovely,Your loving son/daughter等。,2.5 Signature block.Whenever possible,include your title or the name of the position you hold just below your name.For example,Technical writing student,Sophomo
24、re data processing(数据处理)major,are perfectly acceptable.写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信，签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草，不易辨认，因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。,2.6 Enclosures附件:Enclosure,Encl.e.g.Encl.:Resume and Writing Sample.,Example:,格式例文：保持书信格式-地址，日期，称谓，落款2.根据内容确定文体-建议，劝说，说明，申请，投诉，介绍；商榷/讨论；描绘/叙述；致谢，致歉3.牢记常用模版和句式,寄信人地址,写信时间 Lun
25、 Rinding Department of Computer Changwei College Weifang,Shandong 261000 P.R.China April 29,2000,正式信函收信人姓名,地址Mr.Brain Smith,Admissions Office,Stanford University,Stanford,Calif.94305U.S.A.,Dear Sir/Madam/Mr.Smith,称谓 Professor Shirley Sanderson of your university said when she was visiting our colleg
26、e that Stanford might be able to provide scholarships for a limited number of students from China to pursue postgraduate studies there next term.Since I expect to receive my bachelors degree in June,I would appreciate being considered a candidate.第一段：引入/说明写信原委；或叙前谊,As you will notice from the enclos
27、ed data sheet,I am especially interested in computer science.You might like to know that during the past year I took all my elective courses in this field and wrote my thesis on traffic free city centers with computers.My knowledge and practical command of English is adequate.Ive passed TOEFL and GR
28、E with flying colors.第二段：此段为信的主体，提出有关建议，劝说，说明，申请，投诉，介绍；商榷/讨论；描绘/叙述；致谢，致歉等等,I would be grateful if you could give me a favorable consideration of my application for a scholarship.第三段：此段表达愿望/希冀，进一步要求，祝愿 I look forward to hearing from you.结束语 Very truly yours,礼貌落款 Lun Rinding 签名,书信作文模板2第一段：引入/说明写信原委 Im
29、 writing in response to.(your advertisement of Oct.27 in China Daily/your suggestion/letter)*Im writing at the suggestion of a friend who*Im writing to offer my opinions on/to apologize for/complain about/apply for/recommend to*I would like to apply for.(a job/a position in your corporation)*Im inte
30、rested in*Im very glad/pleased to know that*Knowing that,第二段：As/Since/When,(you),Im afraid that/I think that/My suggestion isFirstly，Secondly，Thirdly.此段为信的主体，有关建议，劝说，说明，申请，投诉，介绍；商榷/讨论；描绘/叙述；致谢，致歉须以“我”的口吻表述，因此应多用“Im afraid,I would like to,I was pleased,I shall be glad,I expect,I wonder,I hope,I propo
31、se/advise/suggest/want,I enjoy,I guess/believe,”之类的用语，或用些被动句式如:“We/You are(Its)supposed/assumed that.”,另一常用代词是写信对象”you”:As you will notice/find,As you know,.,第三段：*Im looking forward to your early reply/learning from you/your comments at your earliest convenience.*Would you please let me know whether
32、 or not you would be willing toI can be reached by phone/e-mail at65883879/*I would be grateful if you could give me a favorable consideration of my application for a scholarship/M.A.degree/the job*I hope you will/I shall appreciate it if you could give my application due consideration/consider.*Ple
33、ase let me know if you need any further information.*I enclose(certificates in duplicates)/Enclosed are my resume and two reference letters/documents.*With my best/kind regards/wishes to you./With love,1投诉信（抱怨信）(Letter of Complaint)(1)写作方法 首段：注意客观礼貌自我介绍；引出投诉内容表明目的要求。主体：展开说明投诉原因、具体理由或后果，注意内容充实，符合交际习惯。详细说明情况，中肯提出问题；提出改进建议，表明希望如何解决；拓展题目内容，尤其要强调如何问题不解决所带来的后果。,尾段：提出解决方案，不用展开，注意公平公正、礼貌原则。表达强烈愿望，希望上述问题得到
