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    汽车线束常用英语德语表格文件下载.xls

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    汽车线束常用英语德语表格文件下载.xls

    1、a:20:i:0;s:14205:白皮书-中国的减灾行动-中英文对照#中国的减灾行动#China#s Actions for Disaster Prevention and Reduction#中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室#May 2009 Beijing#二九年五月#北京#Information Office of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China#目录#Contents#前言#Foreword#一、自然灾害状况#I. Natural Disasters in China#二、减灾战略目标和任务#II. Strategic

    2、 Goals and Tasks for Disaster Reduction#三、减灾法制和体制机制建设#III. Construction of a Legal Framework, Institutional Setup and Working Mechanism Related to Disaster Reduction#四、减灾能力建设#IV. Enhancement of Disaster-reduction Capability#五、减灾的社会参与#V. Public Participation in Disaster Reduction#六、减灾的国际合作#VI. Intern

    3、ational Cooperation in Disaster Prevention and Reduction Concluding Remarks#前言#Foreword#近年来,全球频发的自然灾害给人类社会造成了巨大的生命和财产损失,自然灾害成为各国面临的共同挑战。#In recent years, natural disasters happened frequently around the world and have caused enormous losses of life and property to human society. They pose a common c

    4、hallenge to all the countries in the world.#中国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一。#伴随着全球气候变化以及中国经济快速发展和城市化进程不断加快,中国的资源、环境和生态压力加剧,自然灾害防范应对形势更加严峻复杂。#China is one of the countries in the world that suffer the most natural disasters. Along with global climate changes and its own economic takeoff and progress in urbanizat

    5、ion, China suffers increasing pressure on resources, environment and ecology. The situation in the prevention of and response to natural disasters has become more serious and complicated.#中国政府坚持以人为本,始终把保护公众的生命财产安全放在第一位,把减灾纳入经济和社会发展规划,作为实现可持续发展的重要保障。#近年来,中国全面贯彻落实科学发展观,进一步加强减灾的法制和体制、机制建设,努力推进减灾各项能力建设,

    6、大力倡导减灾的社会参与,积极开展减灾领域的国际合作,不断推进减灾事业发展。#Always placing people first, the Chinese government has all along put the security of people#s lives and property on the top of its work, and has listed the disaster prevention and reduction in its economic and social development plan as an important guarantee o

    7、f sustainable development. In recent years, China has been comprehensively implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development, further strengthened legislation as well as the building of systems and mechanisms on disaster prevention and reduction, committed to building on disaster-prevention capacit

    8、ies, encouraged public contribution, and actively participated in international cooperation in this respect.#2008年5月12日发生的四川汶川特大地震,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,给中国人民带来巨大伤痛。#中国政府决定,自2009年开始,每年的5月12日为国家#防灾减灾日#。#值此四川汶川特大地震发生一周年和首个#防灾减灾日#之际,对中国减灾事业的发展状况做一介绍,使世人更全面地了解中国政府和中国人民为减灾所做的巨大努力。#The devastating Wenchuan earthq

    9、uake, which occurred on May 12, 2008, caused massive human casualties and property losses, and caused immeasurable sufferings to the Chinese people. In the wake of the disaster, the Chinese government decided to make May 12 #Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day,# starting in 2009. This document has

    10、 been written to mark the first anniversary of the Wenchuan earthquake and greet Chinas first #Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day,# with a review of the endeavors the Chinese government and people have made in disaster prevention and reduction.#一、自然灾害状况#I. Natural Disasters in China#中国的自然灾害具有以下几个

    11、主要特点:#The natural disasters that China suffers from most have the following characteristics:#(一)灾害种类多。#中国的自然灾害主要有气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害、海洋灾害、生物灾害和森林草原火灾。#除现代火山活动外,几乎所有自然灾害都在中国出现过。#1. Diverse types. They include meteorological disasters, earthquakes, geological disasters, marine disasters, biological disaste

    12、rs, and forest and grassland fires. Except for modern volcanic activity, China has suffered from most types of natural disasters.#(二)分布地域广。#中国各省(自治区、直辖市)均不同程度受到自然灾害影响,70%以上的城市、50%以上的人口分布在气象、地震、地质、海洋等自然灾害严重的地区。#三分之二以上的国土面积受到洪涝灾害威胁。#东部、南部沿海地区以及部分内陆省份经常遭受热带气旋侵袭。#东北、西北、华北等地区旱灾频发,西南、华南等地的严重干旱时有发生。#各省(自治区

    13、、直辖市)均发生过5级以上的破坏性地震。#约占国土面积69%的山地、高原区域因地质构造复杂,滑坡、泥石流、山体崩塌等地质灾害频繁发生。#2. Wide scope of distribution. Natural disasters cause damages in different degrees to all of Chinese provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). More than 70 percent of Chinese cities an

    14、d more than 50 percent of the Chinese population are living in areas vulnerable to serious earthquakes, or meteorological, geological or marine disasters. Two thirds of China#s land are threatened by floods. Tropical cyclones often batter the eastern and southern coasts, and some inland places. Drou

    15、ghts often occur in the northeast, northwest and north, with particularly serious ones common in southwest and south China. Destructive earthquakes with a magnitude of 5 or more on the Richter Scale have struck all the country#s provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The mountainous and

    16、plateau areas, accounting for 69 percent of China#s total land territory, suffer frequent landslides, mudrock flows and cliff collapses due to complicated geological conditions.#(三)发生频率高。#中国受季风气候影响十分强烈,气象灾害频繁,局地性或区域性干旱灾害几乎每年都会出现,东部沿海地区平均每年约有7个热带气旋登陆。#中国位于欧亚、太平洋及印度洋三大板块交汇地带,新构造运动活跃,地震活动十分频繁,大陆地震占全球陆地

    17、破坏性地震的三分之一,是世界上大陆地震最多的国家。#森林和草原火灾时有发生。#3. High frequency. Its monsoon climate has a strong impact on China, and causes frequent meteorological disasters. Local or regional droughts occur almost every year, while tropical cyclones, seven times a year on average, batter the east coast. As China lies r

    18、ight in the region where the Eurasian, Pacific and Indian Ocean plates meet, it suffers from frequent earthquakes due to still-active tectonic movements. Most of the quakes shaking China are continental, accounting for one-third of global destructive land quakes. Fires often break out in forests and

    19、 on grasslands.#(四)造成损失重。#19902008年19年间,平均每年因各类自然灾害造成约3亿人次受灾,倒塌房屋300多万间,紧急转移安置人口900多万人次,直接经济损失2000多亿元人民币。#特别是1998年发生在长江、松花江和嫩江流域的特大洪涝,2006年发生在四川、重庆的特大干旱,2007年发生在淮河流域的特大洪涝,2008年发生在中国南方地区的特大低温雨雪冰冻灾害,以及2008年5月12日发生在四川、甘肃、陕西等地的汶川特大地震灾害等,均造成重大损失。#4. Huge losses. During the 19 years from 1990 to 2008, on

    20、annual average, natural disasters affected about 300 million people, destroyed more than 3 million buildings, and forced the evacuation of more than 9 million people. The direct financial losses caused exceeded 200 billion yuan. Floods in the Yangtze, Songhua and Nenjiang river valleys in 1998, seri

    21、ous droughts in Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality in 2006, devastating floods in the Huaihe River valley in 2007, extreme cold weather and sleet in south China in early 2008, and the earthquake that shook Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi and other places on May 12, 2008 all caused tremendous losses

    22、.#当前和今后一个时期,在全球气候变化背景下,极端天气气候事件发生的几率进一步增大,降水分布不均衡、气温异常变化等因素导致的洪涝、干旱、高温热浪、低温雨雪冰冻、森林草原火灾、农林病虫害等灾害可能增多,出现超强台风、强台风以及风暴潮等灾害的可能性加大,局部强降雨引发的山洪、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害防范任务更加繁重。#随着地壳运动的变化,地震灾害的风险有所增加。#Now and for a fairly long time to come, the risks of extreme weather phenomena are increasing along with global climate

    23、changes. Owing to imbalanced distribution of precipitation, unusual temperature changes and other factors, the occurrences of floods and droughts, hot weather and heat waves, low-temperature rain, snow and sleet, forest and grassland fires, plant diseases, insect and animal pests may grow in number.

    24、 The probability of strong and extra-strong typhoons, tempests and other disasters is quite high. The tasks of guarding against and preventing such geological disasters as mountain torrents, landsides and mud-rock flows brought about by heavy rains remain weighty. In addition, as a result of the ear

    25、th#s crustal movements, the danger of earthquakes is increasing.#二、减灾战略目标和任务#II. Strategic Goals and Tasks for Disaster Reduction#近年来,中国政府在国家综合减灾#十一五#规划等文件中明确提出#十一五#期间(20062010年)及中长期国家综合减灾战略目标,即:#建立比较完善的减灾工作管理体制和运行机制,灾害监测预警、防灾备灾、应急处置、灾害救助、恢复重建能力大幅提升,公民减灾意识和技能显著增强,人员伤亡和自然灾害造成的直接经济损失明显减少。#In the Natio

    26、nal 11th Five-year Plan on Comprehensive Disaster Reduction and other documents issued in recent years, the Chinese government has made clear its medium- and long-term strategic goals during the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010) and the ensuing years:# to build a relatively complete working sys

    27、tem and operational mechanisms regarding disaster reduction;# to greatly enhance the capabilities related to disaster monitoring and early warning, prevention and preparation, emergency handling, disaster relief, and rehabilitation and reconstruction;# to notably raise public awareness of disaster r

    28、eduction and emergency rescue skills;# and to significantly reduce human casualties and direct economic losses caused by natural disasters.#中国减灾的主要任务是:#The main tasks are as follows:#-加强自然灾害风险隐患和信息管理能力建设。#全面查明重点区域主要自然灾害风险隐患,基本摸清减灾能力底数,建立自然灾害风险隐患数据库,编制全国灾害高风险区及重点区域灾害风险图。#建立自然灾害灾情统计体系,建成国家、省、市、县四级灾情上报

    29、系统,健全灾情信息快报、核报工作机制和灾害信息沟通、会商、通报制度,建设灾害信息共享及发布平台,加强对灾害信息的分析、评估和应用。#-To strengthen capability in management over hidden risks of natural disasters and relevant information. Based on a general survey of hidden risks of major natural disasters in key areas, and the overall prevention and reduction capab

    30、ilities of the nation, China will build a database of the risks of natural disasters, and draw up a national diagram of the situations in high-risk and key areas. It will also build a system for collecting statistics about disasters and the damage inflicted, and a reporting system covering the natio

    31、nal, provincial, municipal and county levels. It will improve the mechanisms of prompt news release, check on disaster damage, and the work on information exchange, consultation and announcement. A platform for the sharing and releasing of disaster information will be established, and the analysis,

    32、appraisal and application of disaster information be reinforced.#-加强自然灾害监测预警预报能力建设。#在完善现有监测站网的基础上,适当增加监测密度,建设卫星遥感灾害监测系统,构建自然灾害立体监测体系。#推进监测预警基础设施的综合运用与集成开发,完善灾害预警预报决策支持系统。#注重加强频发易发灾害和极端天气气候事件的监测预警预报能力建设。#建立健全灾害风险预警信息发布机制,充分利用各类传播方式,准确、及时发布灾害预警预报信息。#- To strengthen capability in the monitoring, early

    33、warning and forecasting of natural disasters. While improving the existing monitoring network, China will increase the monitoring density and launch a satellite remote-sensing monitoring system, thus building a three-dimensional monitoring platform for natural disasters. It will promote the comprehe

    34、nsive utilization and integrated develop;i:1;s:10431:#四级写作范文必背经典#大学英语四级范文背诵(01) COLLEGE STUDENTS SHOULD ATTEND PHYSICAL EXERCISE#Physical exercise is a necessary part of college life. However, still some college students do not like to attend sports activities, they think those activities waste thei

    35、r time and influence their study. Indeed, it is very unwise for college students to keep distance from physical exercise because physical exercise is not harmful but good to them.#College students can benefit a lot from physical exercise. First of all, attending physical sports can help students bui

    36、ld a strong body, and keep abounding energy. Moreover, physical exercise is an effective way to relief pressure and keep a pleasant move. Besides, by attending physical activities, students can have chances to contact and communicate with others which can help them improve their social skills. Nowad

    37、ays, all colleges and universities have provided many sports facilities for students to do physical exercises, students can chose freely according to their interests and needs.#As for me, I am keen on all kinds of ball games, especially football and basketball. From these games, I have gained a lot,

    38、 and enjoined great pleasure. To conclude, physical exercise is beneficial to every college students, and therefore do not hesitate to attend sports activities.#大学英语四级范文背诵(02) Online games#As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students.

    39、 Many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games. But as we see, some students lacking self discipline on too much indulge in these games. So that their health and academic performances are affected.#This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents. How

    40、ever, some others argue that online games are not always harmful. They can train their ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly. Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science. More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release

    41、 their pressure greatly.#Form my point of view, online games are wonderful entertainment if you play them in a clever way. When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once, but if you have enough self control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure

    42、 and benefit a lot from them.#大学英语四级范文背诵(03) Certificates Craze on Campus#In recent years, to get a certificate has become a new craze among college students. Just randomly, ask a student on campus what he or she is busy doing, quite possibly, you may get the answer that he or she is preparing for a

    43、 certificate of some kind.#Why does this craze appear?# There are two mainly reasons behind this phenomenon. First, it is the employments pressure that forces college students to get more certificates. With the admission expansion of colleges, a large more graduates have to face the fierce competiti

    44、on in the job markets. How can one make himself more competitive, more certificates at hands maybe. Second, the diplomas and certificates are still important standard by which many employers measure a persons ability in order to increase qualification for a job, the students compel themselves to run

    45、 from one exam to another.#Form my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since certificates do not necessarily prove ones ability, being crazy in getting certificates blindly. It is nothing but wasting time. To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but

    46、 not getting a certificate of no practical value.#大学英语四级范文背诵(04) How to deal with peer pressure?#College students are often obsessed by peer pressure from their classmates or schoolmates. Facing others hard work and good performance in academic and other aspects, many students feel great pressure.#T

    47、hen, how to deal with this kind of peer pressure?# The following measures can be taken.#First, you should take a careful look at your present level and set a practical object. You neednt always compare yourselves with those on the top and just make your efforts towards your object.#Second, under pee

    48、r pressure, you shouldnt feel discouraged and pressed. Instead, you should make it your motivation for harder work.#Finally, if you find pressure is nearly beyond your control, youd better turn to professional psychological guidance.#As a college student, I have no way to avoid peer pressure, so I t

    49、ry to figure out the way to do with it well. I set my own goal, including my practical level and my position among the peers. Because of my focus on my own goal, I have no time and energy to think about the pressure. So Im little troubled by it.#To conclude, we should not escape from peer pressure,

    50、but learn to make best use of it, since it can hardly be avoided.#大学英语四级范文背诵(05) Should college students be tutors?#Nowadays there are more and more provided tutors among college students. Some students even take a few tutor jobs at the same time. People have different opinions about this phenomenon

    51、.#Some people believe college students can benefit a lot from being tutors. On the one hand they can earn some money and lessen the burden on their family. On the other hand they can have chances to apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problems.#However still others object to colle

    52、ge students being a tutor. They think that a student should focus on his study instead of doing a part-time job. If they spend too much time on teaching, they will not have enough time to study, and naturally their academic performance will be affected.#In the two arguments, Im in favor of the forme

    53、r one. In my opinion, to be a tutor is a good practical activity for us college students, from which we can gain practical experience and skills. But it is worth noting that we cannot spend too much time in being tutors. We should balance the relationship between the tutor job and study.#大学英语四级范文背诵(

    54、06) Welcome to the camera club#Welcome to the camera club. With the sponsor of the students union, the camera club has been set and served all the students for 15 years. Many wonderful activities are organized and arranged in our club. As is expected by all, the training on how to make the best use

    55、of the camera to provide a wonderful picture is open to all new members. Besides we will organize traveling activities at times, during which the participants have the chance to show the pictures, as well as enjoy beautiful scenery. In addition, photo contests will be held is the opportunities to sh

    56、ow your progress. We have good reasons to believe that all these activities are quite beneficial to both your study and life, not only can they help you improve your camera technique, but also enrich your college life greatly. Moreover by participating in the traveling activities and photo contests,

    57、 you can be close to the nature and broaden your views. Anyone who is interested in photography welcome warmly. What you need to do is just to call us at 62514479 or email us at cameraclub. Looking forward to your participation.#大学英语四级范文背诵(07)Extravagant spending on college campus#According to a sur

    58、vey, in recent years, the monthly expenditure of a college student has been on the sharp rise. Many college students spend money like water and have no concept of thrift in their mind. They take it for granted that they spend money from their parents before they enter into society.#This extravagant

    59、spending is mainly causd by the following factors:# First of all, nowadays, most students are the only children of their families. They are the apple in their family#s eyes and naturally get more care and pocket money. Secondly, with the improvement of living standards, parents can afford higher exp

    60、enditures of their children. Thirdly, some students like to pursue fashion and trends, which tends to need more money. Finally,campus love is also a possible factor causing extravagant spending.#Form my point of view, a college student as a pure consumer should learn to be thrifty we should limit ou

    61、r expenditure on barely necessities but not buy whatever we want, regardless of their prices. The habit of thrift can help us form right values and is favorable to our future development.#大学英语四级范文背诵(08) A quarrel in the dormitory#Weeks ago I witnessed the quarrel between my two roommates. It shocked

    62、 me the two good friends fired out just for a very trifling matter. It was in the morning at weekend when I was washing my face in the bathroom. Suddenly I heard Ann and Sue shouting at each other. I hurried to come out to see what happened. It turned out that the noise of Sues closing the door wake

    63、d Ann, whose bed is just beside the door. Ann thought Sue deliberately closed the door heavily. Sue didnt have made her fault and said Ann was making trouble out of nothing. So their argument became ambits of quarrel. Though later they stopped quarreling under our persuasion, neither of them would l

    64、ike apologize to the other.#Such a quarrel leaves me to think a lot about dormitory harmony. If either Ann or Sue can be a little tolerant or take a better way to express herself, this quarrel, I think, can be avoided easily. It is no doubt that a harmony dormitory life benefits all the members. But

    65、 it needs our common efforts to build it.#大学英语四级范文背诵(09) Students Pursuit for Famous Brands#Nowadays many college students like to pursue famous brands. From clothes to mobile phones, even study articles like electronic dictionaries and pens, they are inclined to buy famous brands. Moreover, many st

    66、udents from poor families begin to follow this consumption trend as well. This phenomenon has aroused wide attention.#The following reasons can account for college students preference for famous brands. Above all, in many college students eyes, a famous brand is a symbol of sophistication and taste.

    67、 They expect others to admire;i:2;s:23896:学英语简单吗?#肯定会有许多学生说:#“难死了”。#为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢?#答案只有一个:#“不得法。#” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言,为什么你说汉语会如此流利?#那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中,如果你在伦敦呆上半年,保准说起英语来会非常流利。#但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境,那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境,坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”,那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。# #一、多“说”。# #自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语,见了同学,尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候,谈

    68、心情这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典,遇到生词时查一下这些生词,也不用刻意去记,用的多了,这个单词自然而然就会记住。#千万别把学英语当成负担,始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。# #或许你有机会碰上外国人,你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼,和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校只是别问及他的年纪,婚史等私人问题。#尽量用一些你学过的词汇,句子去和他谈天说地。#不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。#因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇,而且不太看重说法,你只要发音准确,准能顺利地交流下去。#只是你必须要有信心,敢于表达自己的思想。# #如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系,你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对

    69、象,对它谈你一天的所见所闻,谈你的快乐,你的悲伤等等,长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。# #二、多“听” #寻找一切可以听英语的机会。#别人用英语交谈时,你应该大胆地去参与,多听听各种各样人的发音,男女老少,节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到,如果这样的机会少的话,你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听,这将会对你帮助很大,而你去听学过的课文的磁带,那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。# #三、多“读”。# #“读”可以分为两种。#一种是“默读”。#每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处,读的内容可以是你的课本,但最好是一些有趣的小读物,因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度

    70、。#每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系,所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后,你必定会在高考中胜券在握。# 另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。# #四、多“写” #有的同学总是抱怨时间紧,根本没时间写作文。#其实“写”的形式很多,不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。#比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情,或当天学了某一个词组,你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。#这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法,又可以锻炼你的写作能力,比如学“wish”一词时,可写一小段如下:# #The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My

    71、 good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I#m different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor. #只几句话:#但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上,这样写下来印象会深刻得多,这样比死记硬背wish的用法也有趣轻松的多。# #学习英语不用花大块的时间,10分钟的散步可以练#说#,吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说,睡前听几分钟英语,可以使你得到更好地休息只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语,你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。# #背英

    72、语单词技巧 #1、循环记忆法 #艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线 #人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库,人脑经历过的事物,思考过的问题,体验过的情感和情绪,练习过的动作,都可以成为人们记忆的内容。#例如英文的学习中单词、短语和句子,甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。#从#记#到#忆#是有个过程的,这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。#有很多 人在学习英语的过程中,只注重了学习当时的记忆效果,孰不知,要想做好学习的记忆工作,是要下一番工夫的,单纯的注重当时的记忆效果,而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。# #雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换:#同义词/词组替换,句型替换,语法替换,笔者将从这三方面根据学生课

    73、堂笔记进行分类整理。#以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词,一次多义总结:#1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的,一成不变的#2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的,程度大的/substantial#3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost#4.proportion/ percentage 比例#5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement n. 涉及,卷

    74、入,参与#6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于#考虑到,尽管#6.induce v 引入,引导,引诱/ inductive n 归纳 #generate 生产,制造/ degrade -#grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化,每况愈下#41. 分类:#category-categorize/ class-classify #42. consequence后果-#影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率#43.clash 冲突(民族,种族)/c

    75、rash 飞机坠毁#44. substitution=# substitute sth for sb /replace#45.alternative=# 选择性,代替性,辅助性#46.孤立:#isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝, 排外,孤立-#be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘,隔热(体)#47缺点,不足之处:#defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback#48.创新的,发明的,新颖的,创新的:#inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tio

    76、n)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =#n/creative/revolutionary# 易错拼写:#environment/ convenient#49neutral 中立的,中性的 /negative 否定,消极,阴性的 /positive 肯定,积极,阳性的#50ambiguous-#ambiguity 模棱两可的,暧昧的/obscure#municate 沟通,传达,通报#52.accommodate 1供.食宿,2=adapt to 适应,调整,3=hold 容纳,4使停靠#mitment 1 to sth 奉献 2 责任,义务#54contribute

    77、 to 导致 result in /account for (占据)导致#54.缺乏的,不足的:#inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)#55.强调:#emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on#学英语简单吗?#肯定会有许多学生说:#“难死了”。#为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢?#答案只有一个:#“不得法。#” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言,为什么你说汉语会如此流利?#那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中,如果你在伦敦呆上半年,保准说起英语来会非常流利

    78、。#但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境,那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境,坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”,那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。# #一、多“说”。# #自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语,见了同学,尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候,谈心情这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典,遇到生词时查一下这些生词,也不用刻意去记,用的多了,这个单词自然而然就会记住。#千万别把学英语当成负担,始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。# #或许你有机会碰上外国人,你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼,和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校只是别问及他的年纪,婚史等私人问题。#尽量用一些你学过的词汇,句子去和他谈天说地。#不

    79、久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。#因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇,而且不太看重说法,你只要发音准确,准能顺利地交流下去。#只是你必须要有信心,敢于表达自己的思想。# #如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系,你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象,对它谈你一天的所见所闻,谈你的快乐,你的悲伤等等,长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。# #二、多“听” #寻找一切可以听英语的机会。#别人用英语交谈时,你应该大胆地去参与,多听听各种各样人的发音,男女老少,节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到,如果这样的机会少的话,你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听,这将会对你帮助很大,而你去听学过的课文的磁带,那

    80、将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。# #三、多“读”。# #“读”可以分为两种。#一种是“默读”。#每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处,读的内容可以是你的课本,但最好是一些有趣的小读物,因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。#每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系,所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后,你必定会在高考中胜券在握。# 另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。# #四、多“写” #有的同学总是抱怨时间紧,根本没时间写作文。#其实“写”的形式很多,不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。#比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情,或当天学了某一个词组,你可以创设一

    81、个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。#这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法,又可以锻炼你的写作能力,比如学“wish”一词时,可写一小段如下:# #The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I#m different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor. #只几句话:#但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上,这样写下来印象会深

    82、刻得多,这样比死记硬背wish的用法也有趣轻松的多。# #学习英语不用花大块的时间,10分钟的散步可以练#说#,吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说,睡前听几分钟英语,可以使你得到更好地休息只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语,你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。# #背英语单词技巧 #1、循环记忆法 #艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线 #人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库,人脑经历过的事物,思考过的问题,体验过的情感和情绪,练习过的动作,都可以成为人们记忆的内容。#例如英文的学习中单词、短语和句子,甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。#从#记#到#忆#是有个过程的,这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。#有很多 人在学习英语的过程中,只注重

    83、了学习当时的记忆效果,孰不知,要想做好学习的记忆工作,是要下一番工夫的,单纯的注重当时的记忆效果,而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。# #在信息的处理上,记忆是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程,从信息处理的角度上,英文的第一次学习和背诵只是一个输入编码的过程。#人的记忆的能力从生理上讲是十分惊人的,它可以存贮1015比特(byte,字节)的信息,可是每个人的记忆宝库被挖掘的只占10%,还有更多的记忆发挥空间。#这是因为,有些人只关注了记忆的当时效果,却忽视了记忆中的更大的问题-即记忆的牢固度问题,那就牵涉到心理学中常说的关于记忆遗忘的规律。# #一、艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释

    84、#德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus,1850-1909),他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后,记忆研究就成了心理学中被研究最多的领域之一,而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。# #根据我们所知道的,记忆的保持在时间上是不同的,有短时的记忆和长时的记忆两种。#而我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的:# #输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后,便成为了人的短时的记忆,但是如果不经过及时的复习,这些记住过的东西就会遗忘,而经过了及时的复习,这些短时的记忆就会成为了人的一种长时的记忆,从而在大脑中保持着很长的时间。#那么,对于我们来讲,怎样才叫做遗忘呢,所谓遗忘就

    85、是我们对于曾经记忆过的东西不能再认起来,也不能回忆起来,或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆,这些都是遗忘。#艾宾浩斯在做这个实验的时候是拿自己作为测试对象的,他得出了一些关于记忆的结论。#他选用了一些根本没有意义的音节,也就是那些不能拼出单词来的众多字母的组合,比如asww,cfhhj,ijikmb,rfyjbc等等。#他经过对自己的测试,得到了一些数据。# #然后,艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线,这就是非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线:#艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线,图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量,横轴表示时间(天数),曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。# #这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的,遗忘的进程

    86、不是均衡的,不是固定的一天丢掉几个,转天又丢几个的,而是在记忆的最初阶段遗忘的速度很快,后来就逐渐减慢了,到了相当长的时候后,几乎就不再遗忘了,这就是遗忘的发展规律,即#先快后慢#的原则。#观察这条遗忘曲线,你会发现,学得的知识在一天后,如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%)。#随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢,遗忘的数量也就减少。#有人做过一个实验,两组学生学习一段课文,甲组在学习后不久进行一次复习,乙组不予复习,一天后甲组保持98%,乙组保持56%;#一周后甲组保持83%,乙组保持33%。#乙组的遗忘平均值比甲组高。# #二、不同性质材料有不同的遗忘曲线 #而且,艾宾浩斯还在关于记忆的实验中发

    87、现,记住12个无意义音节,平均需要重复16.5次;#为了记住36个无意义章节,需重复54次;#而记忆六首诗中的480个音节,平均只需要重复8次!#这个实验告诉我们,凡是理解了的知识,就能记得迅速、全面而牢固。#不然,愣是死记硬背,那也是费力不讨好的。#因此,比较容易记忆的是那些有意义的材料,而那些无意义的材料在记忆的时候比较费力气,在以后回忆起来的时候也很不轻松。#因此,艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线是关于遗忘的一种曲线,而且是对无意义的音节而言,对于与其他材料的对比,艾宾浩斯又得出了不同性质材料的不同遗忘曲线,不过他们大体上都是一致的。# #因此,艾宾浩斯的实验向我们充分证实了一个道理,学习要勤于复习,而

    88、且记忆的理解效果越好,遗忘的也越慢。# #三、不同的人有不同的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线-个性化的艾宾浩斯 #上述的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线是艾宾浩斯在实验室中经过了大量测试后,产生了不同的记忆数据,从而生成的一种曲线,是一个具有共性的群体规律。#此记忆曲线并不考虑接受试验个人的个性特点,而是寻求一种处于平衡点的记忆规律。# #但是记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人,因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同,可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。#规律对于自然人改造世界的行为,只能起一个催化的作用,如果与每个人的记忆特点相吻合,那么就如顺水扬帆,一日千里;#如果与个人记忆特点相悖,记忆效果则会大打折扣。#因此,我

    89、们要根据每个人的不同特点,寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线 #2如何学英语 #下定决心,坚持不懈 #英语学习作为一门语言技能,通过大量的训练和练习任何人是可以掌握的。#一般地说,英语学习的原则是听、说领先,读、写跟上。#李扬的疯狂英语提倡,首先建立起我能学好英语的信心,然后以句子为单位,大量地模仿,疯狂地操练,大声地朗读,最后达到自如地说英语,他的方法对提高说英语的能力很奏效。#钟道隆教授45岁开始学英语,一年后,学成出国当口语翻译,并创造了逆苦恼、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向学习英语的方法。#他还提出学习英语要遵循听、写、说、背、想的方法,他的方法强调以听为主,并且把所听到的内容全部写下来。#尤

    90、其是他的学习精神最可佳,他学习英语用坏了十几台录音机,你可想象他听了多少英语;#用完的圆珠笔芯几乎装满了一个一拉罐,你可想象他写了多少,在一年半内,累计业余学习英语时间大约三千小时,也就说每天抽出几个小时来学英语。#如果我们做到他那样,一定也能学好英语。#最重要的是坚持,只要能下定决心,坚持每天至少一个小时的学习英语,战胜自我最后肯定会有收获的。# #注意方法,循序渐进 #决心下定,还注意学习方法,有时根据自己的情况和不同的学习目的,选择不同的学习方法,但是学习英语一定要踏踏实实地、一步一个脚印地走。#要把基础知识掌握好,也就是说,发音要正确、基本词汇要掌握牢、基本句式要熟练、基本语法要会用。

    91、# #(1)要过好语音关。#把每一个音标发正确,注意改正有问题的音素,特别是那些容易混淆的音素,尽早地掌握国际音标,并尽量的掌握一些读音规则,尽快地能利用读音规则来拼单词,掌握读音规则对单词的记忆和拼写非常有用。# #(2)掌握一定数量的英语单词。#对于学习者来说掌握英语词汇是一难关,学习单词要从单词的形、音、义这三方面去掌握,要注意单词的一词多义,一词多类的用法,要学会一些构词法的知识,来扩展词汇量。#学习单词要在语言材料中去学,要结合词组,通过句子,阅读文章来活记单词,死记的单词是记不牢的。#坚持在读、说前,先反复听,听的时候反应单词、句子的意思和节奏,想一下单词的拼法、句子结构。#并要同

    92、学习语法规则有机结合起来进行。# #(3)掌握好基本语法。#语法在学习英语中也很重要,它能帮助我们把握住英语的基本规律,通过例句或语言现象把死的语法规则要记住,活的规则要通过做大量的练习掌握。#总之学习英语要通过听、说、读、写、译来进行操练,不但要注意数量,更重要的是要注意质量,尤其是基本知识要掌握的准确,熟练。#只有经过大量的实践,才能做到熟能生巧,运用自如。# #提前预习,有的放矢 #作为学生,在每次上课前,都要对要学的课文提前预习。#首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词,也可以借助配套磁带反复听,对比一下,把握不准的要标出来,注意上课老师的发音,还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。#借助课文的注释

    93、或辅导材料,预习一遍课文,找出不明白的地方,做到心中有数,在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。#总之,预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容,找出不明白的地方,带着问题听课,做到有的放矢。# #认真听课,积极配合 #课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。#作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的,但也需要学习者的积极配合。#上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。#预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的,要向老师提出,把问题搞清楚,老师讲授的问题,先注意听,下课后整理一下笔记,反复思考一下这些问题,抓住老师所讲的重点,难点和考点。#总之,上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想,调动起

    94、多个感官来。# #完成作业,找出问题 #学完每一课,要认真完成课后作业。#做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案,做完后再对答案,对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题,应该记下来,等下次上课时提出来。#做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节,它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程,一定要认真完成规定的作业,笔头作业要动一动笔,口头作业要动一动嘴,提高听力要练一练耳,课文在听和读的基础上,最好背诵某些;i:3;s:17623:单词注音释义aei,art.一(个)每一(个)abandonbndn vt.丢弃 放弃 抛弃 n.放纵abilitybiliti n.能力 能耐 本领ableeibl adj.能干的 有能力的 出色的

    95、abnormalbn:#ml adj.反常的 不正常的 不规则的 变态的 n.不正常的人aboardb:#d adv.在船(车)上 在火车上 在飞机上 prep.上船 上飞机 上车aboutbaut prep.关于 在.周围 adj.准备 adv.大约abovebv prep.在.上面 超过 高于 adj.上面的 adv.在上面 超过n.上面的东西abroadbr:#d adv.(在)国外 海外(一般作表语)到处 到国外 广为流传absencebsns n.缺席 不在场 缺乏absentbsnt adj.缺席的 不在场的 缺乏的 vt.使缺席 prep.没有absolutebslu:#t ad

    96、j.绝对的 纯粹的 完全的 无限制的 独立的 专制的 n.绝对的事物absolutelybslu:#tli adv.独立地 完全地 绝对地absorbbs:#b vt.吸收 吸纳 吸引.的注意 吞并 使专心abstractbstrkt adj.抽象的 理论的 n.摘要 抽象的东西 vt.移除 摘要 偷vi.做摘要abundantbndnt adj.丰富的 充裕的 大量的abusebju:#z vt.滥用 辱骂 虐待 n.滥用 恶习academic.kdemik adj.学院的 理论的 学术性的 n.教学人员 学术人员academykdmi n.私立中学 专科院校 学院 学术 学会acceler

    97、atekselreit vt.(使)加快 促进 加速 提前 跳级 vi.加速accelerationk.selrein n.加速 促进 加速度accentksnt n.口音 腔调 重音 强调 vt.重读 强调acceptksept vt.接受 同意 承担(责任等)vi.接受acceptablekseptbl adj.可接受的 合意的 受欢迎的acceptancekseptns n.接受(礼物、邀请、建议等)同意 认可 验收 承认accesskses n.进入 接近(的机会)使用之权 通道 入口 vt.(电脑)存取进入accessoryksesri n.同谋 从犯 附件 adj.附属的(副的、辅

    98、助的)accidentksidnt n.意外的 事故accidental.ksidentl a.意外的 偶然的 附属的 非本质的 n.偶然 不重要的东西 变调的临时符号accommodatekmdeit vt.容纳 供应 供给 提供方便 使一致 和解 顾及 vi.使自己适应accommodation.kmdein n.招待设备 预定铺位 住处 膳宿 适应 和解accompanykmpni vt.陪伴 陪同 伴随 给.伴奏 vi.伴奏accomplishkmpli vt.达到(目的)完成accordk:#d vt.使一致 调解 赠予 给予 n.一致 调和 协议 自愿 vi.(与)一致accord

    99、ancek:#dns n.一致 和谐 授予 符合 同意accordinglyk:#dili adv.因此 所以 于是 相应地 照着accountkaunt n.记述 解释 根据 理由 帐目 报告 估计 利益 好处 vi.报账 解释 导致 vt.把.视为 归咎(于)accumulatekju:#mjuleit vt.积累 累加 堆积 vi.堆积 累积accuracykjursi n.准确(性)准确度accuratekjurit adj.准确的 正确无误的accusekju:#z vt.指责 责备 控告 归咎于accustomkstm vt.使.习惯accustomedkstmd adj.惯常的

    100、习惯的acheeik vi.痛 想念 渴望 n.疼痛achieveti:#v vt.完成 实现 达到 vi.达到目的achievementti:#vmnt n.完成 成就 成绩 达到acidsid n.酸 酸味物质 adj.酸的 酸性的acquaintancekweintns n.认识 了解 熟人acquirekwai vt.占有 取得 获得 学到acreeik n.英亩(=6.07亩)acrosskrs prep.横过 穿过 在.对面 adv.横过 使.被理解(或接受)actkt vi.行动 表演 表现 充当 见效 vt.表演 扮演 n.行为 行动法案(戏剧、歌剧等的)一幕actionkn

    101、n.起诉 行动 作用 功能 情节 活动activektiv adj.活跃的 积极的 主动的activityktiviti n.活动 活跃 活力 行动 vt.表演 adj.厉害actorkt n.男演员 演剧的人actressktris n.女演员actualktjul adj.实际的 真实的 现行的actuallyktuli adv.实际上 事实上 居然 竟然(表示惊讶)acutekju:#t adj.尖的 锐的 敏锐的 敏锐的 激烈的add n.(缩)广告 abbr.(advertisement dv:#tismnt 的缩写)广告adaptdpt vt.使适应 改编 vi.适应 适合addd

    102、 vt.添加 附加 掺加 增加additiondin n.加 加法 附加物 增加additionaldinl adj.附加的 追加的 另外的addressdres n.地址 住址 致词 讲话 演说 谈吐(处理问题的)技巧 vt.发表演说 写地址 称呼 对付(图书、文章等)讨论(某主题)adequatedikwit adj.足够的 充足的 适当的 可以胜任的adjectivediktiv n.形容词 adj.形容词的 不独立的adjustdst vt.调整 调节 校正 使.适于 vi.适应administrationdministrein n.管理 行政 管理部门admiredmai vt.钦佩

    103、 羡慕 赞赏admissiondmin n.允许进入 承认 许可 入会费admitdmit vt.承认 准许.进入 vi.允许进入 允许 承认adoptdpt vt.收养 采用 采取 接受adultdlt,dlt n.成年人adj.成年的 成人的 成熟的advancedv:#ns n.前进 进展 进步 预支 vt.前进 增涨 预先 vi.前进 提高提升 adj.预先的 提前的advanceddv:#nst adj.先进的 高级的advantagedv:#ntid n.优点 优势 有利条件 好处 vt.有利于adventuredvent n.冒险 奇遇 惊险活动 vt.冒险 尝试 vi.大胆进行

    104、 冒险adverbdv:#b n.副词 adj.副词的advertisementdv:#tismnt n.广告 公告 登广告advicedvais n.劝告 忠告 意见 建议单词注音释义advisabledvaizbl n.明智的 可取的advisedvaiz vt.劝告 建议 通知 警告 vi.劝告 与.商量aeroplane.er.plein n.飞机aeroru adj.飞机的 航空的 飞行的affairf n.事情 事件 事务 绯闻affectfekt vt.影响 感动 作用affectionfekn n.慈爱 爱 爱慕 影响 喜爱 感情affordf:#d vt.担负得起(后果 损失

    105、等)提供 给予afraidfreid adj.害怕的 担心的Africafrik n.非洲Africanfrikn adj.非洲的 非洲人的 n.非洲人after:#ft adj.以后的 adv.以后 后来 conj.在.以后 prep.在.以后 次于afternoon:#ftnu:#n n.下午 午后 int.下午好afterward:#ftwd adv.后来 以后againgein adv.又一次 而且 又 再 另一方面againstgenst,geinst prep.倚在 倚靠 逆 对着 反对 违背 防御 相比 相对ageeid n.年龄 时代 时期 很长时间 vt.(使)变老 vi.变

    106、老(使)变成熟agencyeidnsi n.经办 代理 代理处 政府机构agenteidnt n.代理人 代理商 特工人员 药剂aggressivegresiv adj.侵略的 好斗的 攻击性的 有进取心的 强烈的 迅速生长的agogu adv.以前agonygni n.极度痛苦 挣扎agreegri:#vt.同意 赞成 承认 vi.同意 持相同意见 一致 符合agreementgri:#mnt n.协定 协议 同意 一致agriculturegriklt n.农业 农艺 农学aheadhed adv.在前 向前 提前 将来地 占优势AIai abbr.人工智能=(Artificial Int

    107、elligence)aideid n.帮助 救护 助手 辅助物 v.援助 帮助 救护 abbr.=Agencyfor International Development 国际开发署 美aimeim n.目标 对准 枪法 vt.瞄准 针对 vi.瞄准 针对 致力 旨在打算air n.空气 空中 外观 旋律 气氛 态度 v.晾干 使通风 广播aircraftekr:#ft n.飞机 飞行器airlineelain n.航空公司 航线airplaneeplein n.飞机=aeroplane(英)airportep:#t n.机场 航空站alarml:#m n.惊恐 惊慌 忧虑 警报 警告 报警器

    108、vt.使.惊慌 警告装报警器alcohollkhl n.酒精 酒 醇 乙醇alikelaik adj.同样的 相同的 相似的 adv.一样 以同样的方式alivelaiv adj.活着的 有活力 活跃的all:#l adj.全部的 所有的 adv.全部 非常 全然 所有 prep.全部pron.全部 所有 n.全部allowlau vi.(for)考虑到 使可能 vt.允许 准许 承认 给予 断定单词注音释义alloyli n.合金(金属的)成色 vt.使.成合金 搀以劣质 减低成色影响或贬损 vi.有合金能力almost:#lmust adv.几乎 差不多 adj.几乎alonelun ad

    109、j.单独的 仅仅 独自一人 adv.单独地 只有 独一无二地alongl adv.向前(与某人)一道 prep.沿着aloudlaud adv.出声地 大声地alphabetlfbet n.字母表 字母系统 符号系统 基本原理(元素)already:#lredi adv.早已 已经also:#lsu adv.亦 也 而且 还 同样地alter:#lt vt.改变 变更 改做alternative:#lt:#ntiv adj.两者择一的 供选择的 非主流的 n.替换物 取舍 抉择although:#lu conj.尽管 虽然altitudeltitju:#d n.高 高度 海拔 高处 高地alt

    110、ogether.:#ltge adv.完全 总共 总而言之aluminium.ljuminim n.铝always:#lweiz adv.总是 一直 永远a.mn.(缩)上午 午前amazemeiz vt.使惊奇 使惊愕ambitionmbin n.雄心,抱负,野心,精力 vt.有.野心 追求ambulancembjulns n.救护车 野战医院Americamerik n.美洲 美国Americanmerikn adj.美洲的 美国的 美式的 n.美国人 美式英语amongm prep.在.之中amongstmst prep在.之中 在.之间(=among)amountmaunt n.总数

    111、数量 总额 和 vi.总计 等于amperempe n.安培amplifympli.fai vt.放大 增强 扩大 详述 使.增幅amusemju:#z vt.逗乐 给.娱乐 消遣analysenlaiz vt.分析 分解 解析 检讨 细察analysisnlsis n.分析 分解 解析ancestornsst n.祖宗 祖先 原种anchork n.铁锚 vi.抛锚 停泊 用锚系住 担任(广播 电视新闻节目)的主持人ancienteinnt adj.古代的 古老的 n.古人 古货币andnd,nd conj.和 又 并 则 逻辑与angeleindl n.天使 天使般的人 神差(名)安琪儿a

    112、ngerg n.怒 愤怒 vt.使发怒 激怒anglegl n.角 角度 角落 vt.斜移 转变角度 vi.钓鱼 谋取 转变角度Anglegl n.盎格鲁人angrygri adj.愤怒的 生气的 伤口红肿的animalniml n.动物 兽 兽性 与众不同的人 adj.动物的 野兽的 动物性的anklekl n.踝 踝关节announcenauns vi.当电台的播音员 宣称 vt.宣布 宣告 发表 通知announcernauns n.宣告者 播音员 广播员 告知者annoyni vt.使恼怒 使生气 打搅 骚扰 使.苦恼annualnjul adj.每年的 年度的 一年生的 n.年报 年

    113、刊 年鉴 一年生植物anothern adj.再一个的 别的 另一的 不同的 pron.另一个单词注音释义answer:#s n.答案 回答 反驳 回应 vi.回答 符合 vt.回答 响应 适应antnt n.蚂蚁anticipatentisipeit vt.预料 预期 期望 抢.前 语言 提前使用 vi.预期anxietyzaiti n.焦虑 忧虑 渴望 担心anxiousks adj.焦急的 忧虑的 渴望的anyeni adj.什么 一些 任何的adv.稍 一丁点 pron.任何anybodyeni.bdi,enibdi n.重要人物 pron.任何人anyhoweni:#.hau adv

    114、.无论如何 不管怎样anyoneeniwn pron.任何人anythingeni.i pron.任何事物 一切anywayeniwei adv.无论如何 不管怎样anywhereeniwe adv.在什么地方 任何地方 n.任何(一个)地方apartp:#t adv.相隔 分开 除去 分别地 有区别地 adj.分开的 分离的apartmentp:#tmnt n.一套公寓房间apologizepldaiz vi.道歉 谢罪 认错apologypldi n.道歉 认错 谢罪 勉强的替代物apparatus.preits n.装置 器具 器械 仪器 器官 机构 组织apparentprnt adj

    115、.表面上的 明显的appealpi:#l n.呼吁 申述 恳求 上诉 吸引力 诉诸裁决 vi.求助 诉请 呼吁申述 吸引appearpi vi.出现 来到 抵达 似乎 显得 出版appearancepirns n.出现 出场 来到 外观appetitepitait n.食欲 胃口 欲望 嗜好applepl n.苹果 苹果树applianceplains n.用具 器具 器械 装置 应用applicableplikbl adj.能应用的 适当的 合适的application.plikein n.应用 请求 申请 专心 施用 应用软件程序applyplai vt.应用 实施 使用 涂 使专心从事

    116、vi.申请 有关联appointpint vt.任命 委任 约定 指定 预约 装饰 vi.行使任命权appointmentpintmnt n.任命 约定 约会 预约 委派 官职 设备appreciatepri:#ieit vt.欣赏 感激 赏识 领会 充分意识 感谢 vi.增值approachprut n.接近 途径 方法 vt.向.靠近 靠近 接近 动手处理appropriateprupri:#t adj.适当的 恰当的 相称的 vt.拨出(款项)占用approvalpru:#vl n.赞成 同意 批准 认可approvepru:#v vt.赞成 称许 批准 核准 证实 vi.赞同appro

    117、ximateprksimt adj.近似的 大约的 vt.近似 接近 约等于approximatelyprksimtli adv.近似地 大约Aprileiprl n.四月Arabianreibin adj.阿拉伯(人)的 n.阿拉伯人arbitrary:#bi.trri adj.随心所欲的 专断的 任意的 专制的 武断的 霸道的architecture:#kitekt n.建筑学 建筑式样 建筑业 建筑物 结构 总称 建筑物 建筑风格areaeri n.面积 地区 区域 领域 方面argue:#gju:#vt.争论 辩论 争吵 劝说 表明 vi.提出理由 争论 争辩 辩论argument:#

    118、gjumnt n.争论 辩论 理由 论点(据)ariseraiz vi.出现 由.引起 上升单词注音释义arithmeticrimtik n.算术 四则运算arm:#m n.手臂 臂状物 武器 港湾 狭长地带 扶手 袖子 vt.装备准备(炸弹)vi.武装自己army:#mi n.军队 陆军 大群aroundraund adj.大约 在现存范围内 adv.大约 到处 在周围 prep.在.周围 在.附近 到处arouse=rauz vt.引起 唤起 唤醒 激发 激起 vi.唤醒arrangereind vt.筹备 整理 调解 安排 计划 改编(乐曲)vi.协商 计划arrangementrein

    119、dmnt n.整理 排列 安排 商议arrestrest n.逮捕 监禁 vt.逮捕 拘留 阻止 妨碍 吸引arrivalraivl n.到达 到来 到达者arriveraiv vi.到达 来临 达到 成功arrowru n.箭 箭头 箭状物 vi.快且笔直的前进有如穿梭的箭art:#t adj.美术(品)的 艺术(品)的 n.艺术 美术 技术 阴谋article:#tikl n.文章 条款 物品 冠词 vt.定契约artificial.:#tifil adj.人工的 人造的 虚伪的 武断的 娇揉造作的artist:#tist n.艺术家 美术家 艺人artistic:#tistik adj.

    120、艺术的 艺术家的ass adv.同样地 像 prep.当做 conj.当.的时候 像.一样 因为ash n.灰 灰烬 灰末 骨灰ashamedeimd adj.惭愧(的)羞耻(的)感到惭愧 感到害臊 因为羞耻或勉强作某事Asiaei n.亚洲Asianein adj.亚洲的 n.亚洲人asidesaid n.旁白 顺便说的话 adv.在旁边 到旁边 在一边 另外 离开ask:#sk vt.问 询问 要求 邀请 请求 开价 vi.询问 恳求asleepsli:#p adj.睡着的 睡熟的 已死的 不活跃的 麻木的 adv.处于或进入睡眠状态地 陷入麻木不仁状态地aspectspekt n.方面

    121、样子 外表 外貌 外观 方位 方向assemblesembl vt.集合 召集 装配 vi.集合 聚集assemblysembli n.集合 集会 装配assessses vt.对(财产等)估价 估定 评定assignsain vt.指派 分配 指定 转让 n.受让人assignmentsainmnt n.分配 功课 任务 被指定的(课外)作业 委派assistsist vt.援助 帮助 协助的器械 搀扶 vt.帮助 协助 vi.帮助 协助出席assistantsistnt n.助手 助理 助教 adj.副的associatesuieit vt.联合 联想 vi.交往 加入 陪同 n.伙伴 同

    122、事 合伙人 准学士学位获得者 adj.副的 有联系的 共事的association.susiein n.协会 团体 社团 联合 结合 交往 联想assumesju:#m vt.假定 设想 承担 呈现(想当然的)认为assureu vt.使确信 向.保证 保险 保证 确信 担保astonishstni vt.使惊讶 使吃惊astronautstrn:#t n.宇宙航行员 宇航员att prep.在.里 在.时athletelit,li:#t n.运动员 田径运动员Atlantictlntik adj.大西洋的 n.大西洋单词注音释义atmospheretmsfi n.大气 空气 气氛 格调 情趣

    123、 气压atmospheric.tmsferik adj.大气的 大气层的 制造气氛的atomtm n.原子 微粒 微量atomictmik adj.原子的 原子能的attachtt vt.缚 系 贴 附加 使依恋attacktk n.攻击 评击 vt.攻击 动手 疾病发作 vi.发动攻击 adj.有计划的攻击attaintein vt.达到 获得 完成attempttempt vt.尝试 试图 n.企图attendtend vt.出席 照顾 护理 照料 参加 注意 vi.专心 留意 待命attentiontenn n.注意(力)留心 关心 立正attentivetentiv adj.注意的 留

    124、意的 有礼貌的attitudetitju:#d n.态度 看法 姿势attracttrkt vt.吸引 引起 诱惑 有吸引力attractiontrkn n.吸引 吸引力 有吸引力的人或事物 引力attractivetrktiv adj.有吸引力的 引起注意的attributetribju:#t,tribju:#t vt.把.归因于 属于 n.属性 特征 标志 象征audience:#dins n.听众 观众 读者 拥护者 倾听 正式会见August:#gst n.八月(大写时)adj.威严的 尊严的(小写时)aunt:#nt n.伯母 婶母 姑母 姨aural:#rl adj.耳的 听觉的A

    125、ustraliastreili n.澳大利亚Australianstreilin adj.澳大利亚的 n.澳大利亚人author:#n.作者 作家 创造者 vt.创造 写作authorityriti n.当局 官方 权力 权威 专家 权威人士 依据auto:#tu n.(口语)汽车autos=automobile 自动汽车 pref.自动的 自己的automatic.:#tmtik adj.自动的 机械的 半自动化的 n.自动装置 半自动武器automation.:#tmein n.自动 自动化automobile:#tmbi:#l,:#tmubil n.汽车 机动车 adj.汽车的autum

    126、n:#tm n.秋 秋季 秋天auxiliary:#gziljri n.帮助者 辅助物 助动词 adj.辅助的 附属的 附加的availableveilbl adj.可利用的 可得到的 有用的 有效的 通用的avenuevnju:#,vinju:#n.林荫道 道路 大街 途径手段averagevrid n.平均数 平均水平 adj.平均的 一般的 通常的 v.取平均值达到平均水平aviation.eiviein,evien n.航空 航空学 飞机制造业avoidvid vt.避免 躲开 逃避 撤消awaitweit vt.等候 期待 准备.以待 储存 vi.等待awakeweik adj.醒着

    127、的 警惕的 vt.唤醒 唤起 激发 vi.醒来 恢复意识awardw:#d n.奖 奖品 判定 vi.授予 给予 vt.授予awarewe adj.知道的 意识到的awaywei adv.离开 远离 出去 连续的 遥远地.去 adj.远离awful:#fl adj.令人不愉快的 可怕的 畏惧的 充满敬畏的 艰难的 adv.极其单词注音释义awfully:#fuli adv.令人畏惧的 很 可怕地 非常地 极端地awkward:#kwd adj.笨拙的 尴尬的axks n.斧子(吉他或者萨克斯风类的)乐器 vt.用斧砍 削减abbr.=(axiom axis)axisksis n.轴 轴线 中心

    128、线 中枢babybeibi adj.(形容用法)婴儿的 过小的 n.婴儿 孩子气的人 象婴儿的人 需特殊关心的事物 vt.溺爱 过度关心backbk adj.后面的 偏远的 过时的 ;i:4;s:27161:大学生人际交往加油站#一、团体名称#我也要做万人迷#二、团体性质#结构式的训练型团体#三、团体规模#1618人#四、团体对象#小组成员由在校大学生组成。#首先由组员自愿报名参与,然后由指导者根据大学生人际关系综合量表进行筛选,选出在人际关系的行为困扰程度比较严重的成员且结合面谈,最终进行团体训练。#五、团体目标#总体目标:#增强团体成员的人际沟通能力,改善他们的与他人的交流方式,提高他们与

    129、他人人际交往技能,懂得应该如何与他人相处的更好。#团体具体目标:#(1)增进团体成员的了解,建立团体规范;#(2)通过团体活动、沟通、交流、分享,帮助大学生了解自我、认识自我、接纳自我;#(3)提高大学生人际沟通的具体技能以及团体合作能力;#(4)加强人际的沟通与交流,提高人际交往中的人际信任能力,促进大学生的心理健康水平;#六、团体领导班子#蒋晓红 瞿颖华 龙海波 付舟 周鹏 #除周鹏以外皆为女性。#所有领导者皆为应用心理专业学生,学习过心理咨询、团体心理咨询、社会心理学、发展心理学等心理学专业知识,具备比较扎实的专业理论基础,有良好的领导小组的意愿。#为人真诚友善,热情、沉稳。#做事认真,

    130、协作能力好,均有参加团体训练的经验。#七、活动频率与场地:#每周一次,一共五次,每次一个半小时到两个小时左右#封闭、安静有活动桌椅的房间#八、理论依据#1、我国著名的医学、心理学专家丁攒教授曾指出:#人类的心理适应,最主要的就是对人际关系的适应。#现代心理学研究表明,人类的心理病态大多是由于人际关系失调所致。#2、根据马斯洛的需要层次理论,我们知道:#人际交往是人获得安全感的需要;#人际交往是人确立自我价值感的需要;#人际交往是人发展的需要。#3、人际需要的三维理论:#舒茨:#提出人际需要三维理论分为两个方面。#三种基本的人际需要:#决定了个体在人际交往中用的行为,以及如何描述、解释和预测他人

    131、行为。#三种基本需要的形成与个体的早期成长经验密切相关。#包容需要:#个体想要与人接触、交往、隶属于某个群体,与他人建立并维持一种满意的相互关系的需要。#支配需要:#个体控制别人或被别人控制的需要,是个体在权力关系上与他人建立或维持满意人际关系的需要。#情感需要:#个体爱别人或被别人爱的需要,是个体在人际交往中建立并维持与他人亲密的情感联系的需要。#九、团体评估#对所有小组成员用大学生人际关系综合量表进行后测,以及小组成员的自我总结和小组领导者的观察记录。#十、团体活动设计#单元#活动名称#单元目标#活动内容#一#金风玉露一相逢#便胜却人间无数#1、团员互相认识,培养成员的团队感#2、介绍团体

    132、心理辅导#3、订立团体规范#1、放松瑜伽#2、苹果与凤梨#3、连环自我介绍#4、猜猜我是谁#5、找寻同类#6、圈内协议#7、总结,布置家庭作业#二#知之为知之#不知为不知#帮助大学生认识自我、了解自我和接纳自我#1、微笑握手#2、小组展示#3、人际关系中的我20个我是谁#4、面对现实,展望未来#5、总结,布置家庭作业#三#问渠那得清如许#为有源头活水来#提高大学生人际沟通的具体技能#1. 爱在指间#2. 你A我B#3. 集思广益#4. 笑口常开#5. 我赞美,你快乐#6. 总结,布置家庭作业#四#欲穷千里目#更上一层楼#加强人际的沟通与交流#1、水果沙拉#2、心有千千结#3、你的感受#4、备受

    133、攻击#5、拒绝场景#6、心灵捕手#五#海内存知己#天涯若比零#提高人际交往中的人际信任能力#1、可怜的小猫#2、信任被摔#3、巧扮女郎#4、撕纸#5、把心留住#6、相亲相爱的一家人#第一单元#活动名称#一、放松瑜伽(5至10分钟)#准备#活动目的#放松练习,缓解紧张情绪,为成员全身心投入团辅做准备#具体操作#全体成员站立,由领导者带头给大家示范一个放松动作,成员们跟着一起做#活动名称#二、苹果与凤梨(10分钟)#准备#活动目的#使成员集中注意力,调动成员的积极性,建立团辅的良好氛围#具体操作#1、全体学员围成一圈#2、训练师先和相邻的人进行演示#训练师:#这是苹果。# #相邻的人回答:#什么?

    134、# #训练师:#苹果 #相邻的人回答:#谢谢!# #3、回答完这一对话程序,由相邻的人(甲)开始问他的下一个同伴(乙)相同的问题:# #甲:#这是苹果。# #乙:#什么?# #甲(对训练师说):#什么?# #训练师:#苹果 #甲:#苹果 #乙:#谢谢!# #4、将此对话一直持续下去,最终传到训练师;#同时训练师向另一个方向相邻的人传递凤梨,这样两句话就朝相反的方向进行传递。#注意事项#1)培训师要密切注意对话的流向,特别是苹果和凤梨的走向;# #2)这是一个非常有趣和复杂的游戏,训练师应该提醒对话过程中的回答的规律,要求参加培训的人员要有特别高的注意力和反应能力#3)受罚的人可表演节目(鉴于彼

    135、此都不认识,故一定要包括自我介绍)#活动名称#三、连环自我介绍(20分钟)#准备#活动目的#用强制记忆的方式促使成员们相互认识#具体操作#由团体成员中的一名开始向大家介绍自己的姓名、爱好和性格特征;#按顺时针方向轮流介绍,但介绍者一定要重复说出之前所有作了自我介绍的成员们的信息(注意:#一般是让成员说出一个最能描述自己的形容词加上自己的名字,用这样的信息传递既能很好地把必要的信息传达给他人,又让团员觉得难度不是太大)#活动名称#四、猜猜我是谁(30分钟)#准备#不透明的幕布一条#活动目的#使初步认识的队员再次彼此认识,增加认识的趣味性#具体操作#1、参加的人员分成两边 #2、依序说出每人的姓名

    136、或希望别人如何称呼自己 #3、训练员与助理训练员手拿布幕隔开两边成员,分组蹲下 #4、第一阶段两边成员各派一位代表至幕布前,隔着幕布面对面蹲下,训练员喊一,二,三,然后放下幕布,两位成员以先说出对面成员姓名或绰号者为胜,胜者可将对面成员俘虏至本组。#5、第二阶段两边成员各派一位代表至幕布前背对背蹲下,训练员喊一、二、三,然后放下幕布,两位成员靠组内成员提示(不可说出姓名、绰号),以先说出对面成员之姓名或绰号者为胜,胜者可将对面成员俘虏至本分组。#6、活动进行至其中一组人数少于三人即可停止。#注意事项#1、选择的幕布必须不透明,以免预先看出伙伴而失去公平性及趣味性。# #2、成员蹲在幕布前,避免

    137、踩在幕布上,以免操作幕布时跌到。# #3、训练员应制止站立或至侧边偷窥的情况发生。# #4、组员不可离训练员太近,以免操作幕布时产生撞击。# #5、组员叫出名字时间差距短,训练员须注意公平性。#引导讨论#1、各位如果继续玩下去谁会赢?#那谁会输了?# #2、我们所设计的这个游戏是no loserno winner,那这是什么意思,也就是双赢的概念 #活动名称#五、找寻同类(5分钟)#准备#三个品牌汽车卡片各6张#奔驰M级 (740) 奔驰R级 (102) 奔驰SL (115)#奔驰SLK (486) 奔驰S级 (677) 奔驰Viano (160)#奥迪A5 (617) 奥迪A8 (1028)

    138、奥迪Q5 (297)#奥迪Q7 (1221) 奥迪R8 (1026)奥迪TT (840)#宝马7系 (1600) 宝马X1(21) 宝马X3 (316)#宝马X5 (1205) 宝马X6 (295) 宝马Z4 (1062)#活动目的#通过找同伴的活动,将团体分成组,让个成员找到自己的归宿#具体操作#1. 准备18张卡片,3种车的品牌各6个型号。#2. 成员抽取卡片,在音乐声中寻找自己的品牌,围成一个圈坐在一起。#3. 音乐声停了还没找到的成员给予适当的惩罚。#活动名称#六、国有国法,站有站规(10分钟)#准备#“加油日记之契约书”,笔#活动目的#让成员了解活动规则,保障成员权益和团体运作,起舆

    139、论导向的作用。#为促使成员产生归属感、责任感和依存感创造条件。#具体操作#1、领导者让成员明确团队规则:#1).注意集中(我保证将注意力集中在课堂上!#)#2).暂停评价(我保证对别人的观点暂停评价!#)#3).坦诚开放(我保证对所有的成员坦诚开放!#)#4).保密守时(我保证做到保守秘密严格守时!#)#5).注意倾听(我保证表现最高品质注意倾听!#)#2、让成员在组内自行制定各组协议。#3、在“加油日记”上签订。#备注#附:#人际交往加油站的加油日记#活动名称#七、总结,布置家庭作业(20分钟)#准备#笔#活动目的#总结第一印象的影响因素;#促进成员反思。#具体操作#第一单元的活动即将结束,

    140、请每位成员把印象最深刻的成员名字写在“加油日记”上,并注明原因。#将结果公布,看谁是给人留下最深刻印象的人,分析原因,总结影响第一印象的各种因素#让成员主动分享自己对活动的感受你对什么活动印象最深,你在活动中收获了什么#布置家庭作业,在下一次活动开始前各小组要展示自己展示自己的组名,口号,并要求尽量有自己的特色,且选出每组的组长。#第二单元#活动名称#一、微笑握手(10分钟)#准备#活动目的#通过握手有了身体的接触,有利于活跃现场气氛,打破彼此隔阂#具体操作#1.全体成员起立#2.在规定时间内和所有成员握手#3.握手时要求面带微笑#(并伴随神奇口诀:#虽然已认识,但是不了解,从今与往后,请您多

    141、关照)#活动名称#二、小组风采展示(30分钟)#准备#活动目的#展示各小组的风采,增进组员间的情感联系,拉近彼此的距离。#具体操作#1. 让各小组依次展示他们的组名、口号以及协议,以及对他们组员的介绍。#且请每组给所有成员带来一个小节目助兴。#2. 展示完毕之后领导者对最有特色的小组进行表扬,让各小组分享他们是如何筹划他们的风采展示的,如何选出组长的,进一步启发成员只有有所付出才会有所收获,付出的更多才会收获更多,并激励团体成员在以后的活动中更加投入。#活动名称#三、人际关系中的我20个我是谁(60分钟)#准备#准备好每人1枝笔,“加油日记”,内容如下:# # 父亲眼中的我# 兄弟姐妹眼中的我

    142、# 朋友眼中的我# 自己眼中的我# 母亲眼中的我# 同事同学眼中的我# 爱人(恋人)眼中的我# 自由理想中的我#活动目的#促进成员全面认识自我#具体操作#自己思考后填写,填完后大家一起交流。#填写的过程会反映出不同的心态。#有些人再一次肯定积极而可爱的自我,但有些人却引发一些长期压抑的感受。#指导者要特别注意:#成员对哪一个人的看法最重视?#为什么?#最难填写的又是什么?#为什么有人填不出来?#成员填的内容多是正面还是负面的?#然后引导成员作出探索。#这个活动可以从多个角度来看自我,有助于成员全面认识自己。#同时,也可以在他人的鼓励下做深入的自我探索。#活动名称#四、面对现实,展望未来(10分

    143、钟)#准备#轻柔音乐,笔#活动目的#让学员面对现在的自己,接纳自己,展望理想的自己。#具体操作#1、 学员依据 “加油日记”的问题认真填写。#2、 填写完后,让小组成员之间互相交流分享,也可以自告奋勇与全团队一起交流分享。#内容包括:#在人际交往中,我过去是怎么做的?#以后要怎么做?#过去一直扮演的是什么样的角色?#以后要扮演什么样的角色?#我的不足是什么?#我的优点是什么?#我要达到什么样的目标?#3、 领导者总结,启发成员领悟:#总结过去,肯定现在,着眼未来#活动名称#五、总结,布置家庭作业(10分钟)#准备#轻柔音乐,笔#活动目的#为成员理清思路,激励其进步。#具体操作#1、 领导者总结

    144、此次活动的内容,让团体成员的思路更加明晰,启发进一步的思考。#2、 布置家庭作业,回去每人想一种可以激励自己的方法。#(可以使一句话、一首歌等)#第三单元#(1)活动名称# 爱在指间 (15分钟)#准备#活动目的#1. 承接上次活动,活跃气氛,增进成员间的感情交流。#2. 让大家体验到每个人都渴望受人关注、接纳和喜欢。#3. 使大家认识到在人际沟通中有时候也需要先伸出友好之手,主动敞开心扉,接纳、肯定、支持、喜欢对方。#具体操作#1. 将团体成员分成相等的两组,一组成员围成一个内圈,再让另一组成员站内圈同学的身后,围成一个外圈。#内圈成员背向圆心,外圈同学面向圆心。#即内外圈的成员两两相视而站

    145、。#2. 当领导者发出“手势”的口令时,每个成员向对方伸出14个手指:#出1个手指表示“我现在还不想认识你”;#伸出2个手指表示“我愿意初步认识你,并和你做个点头之交的朋友”;#伸出3个手指表示“我很高兴认识你,并想对你有进一步的了解,和你做个普通朋友”;#伸出4个手指表示“我很喜欢你,很想和你做好朋友,与你一起分享快乐和痛苦”。#3. 当领导者发出“动作”的口令,成员就按下列规则做出相应的动作:#如果两人伸出的手指不一样,则站着不动,什么动作都不需要做;#如果两个人都是伸出1个手指,那么各自把脸转向自己的右边,并重重地跺一下脚;#如果两个人都是伸出2个手指。#那么微笑着向对方点点头;#如果两

    146、个人都是伸出3个手指,那么主动热情地握住对方的双手;#如果两个人都是伸出4个手指,则热情地拥抱对方。#4.每做完一组“动作一手势”,外圈的成员就分别向右跨一步,和下一个成员相视而站,跟随领导者的口令做出相应的手势和动作。#以此类推,直到外圈的同学和内圈的每位同学都完成了一组“动作一手势”为止。#活动讨论#1. 刚才自己做了几个动作?#2. 握手和拥抱的动作各完成了几个?#3. 为什么能完成这么多(或为什么只完成了这么少)的动作?#(2)活动名称# 你A我B (20分钟)#准备#活动目的#1. 了解在人际沟通中充分应用眼神、表情、言语等各种交流信息的重要性#2.了解认真倾听、积极回应是促进人际沟

    147、通关系的有力法宝#具体操作#(一)第一环节#1. 领导者边说游戏规则边与助手作示范:#两人一组,大拇指对准,四指相扣,闭上眼睛,不能说话#2. 接下来只能通过大拇指的运动来决定自己是A还是B,先不要睁开眼睛,请认为自己是A的举手#3. 这时会发现有的组两人都举手了,有的组两个人没举手#4. 请同学谈感受,分析游戏说明了什么:#缺乏言语、眼神和表情等的交流,会阻碍人际交往中有效的沟通#(二) 第二环节#1. 刚才未决定出谁是A的现在商量决定#2. 请是A的同学到教室外边去:#助手对其讲“你们呆会进去给B讲故事啊,笑话啊,总之想尽办法让他们认真听你讲,愿意按你向他们提的要求去做,尽量坚持两分钟。#

    148、”#3. 领导者在教室内对B讲:#“呆会儿A进来无论他们怎么说你们都不要答理他们,你们表现出在做其他的事啊,不耐烦啊,不听他们说啊,或者是打断他们的话啊,总之要让他们充分体验到被冷落不被重视的感觉,当大家看到我把手放到后脑勺这个手势后,你们开始注意倾听他们的话,表现出关注、友善,热情并积极回应。#”#4. 分别请是A或B的同学谈感悟#5. 领导者分析总结#活动思考#1. 有时候是不是因为没有把真实想法说出来而误会对方或被对方误会?#2. 当自己跟对方讲话时,对方没注意听是否让你感到不愉快?#3. 在以后的人际沟通中我应该怎么做?#(3)活动名称# 集思广益 (50分钟)#准备#各小组表演所需道

    149、具以及奖品#活动目的#1. 以小组完成任务形式促进成员之间的人际沟通#2. 大学生在学校主要有室友、朋友和恋人三种人际关系,而以这三个情景剧生动反映一些典型的人际冲突形式#3.现场讨论应对方式,训练大家的人际沟通能力#具体操作#1. 确定各组已完成作业,然后抽签决定哪一组先上场表演#2.以讨论式的方法集思广益:#每个小组表演完之后,请另外两个小组的同学作点评和提建议“怎样处理这类型的人际冲突”#3.三个小组都表演完之后,领导者作点评并针对典型人际冲突的处理方式作分析总结#4.现场评选出最佳表演奖、最具魅力小组奖,并颁发奖品以示鼓励#活动思考#1. 我遇到过类似的人际困扰吗?#2. 如果是我,我

    150、怎样处理更好?#3. 我曾经在生活中和XX发生了冲突,现在想想是因为。#。#。#?#要是换个角度思考是不是就不会发生那样的事情了?#4. 我现在还在为某些人际关系困扰着吗?#我想想:#或许我可以改善。#(4)活动名称# 我赞美,我快乐 (20至30分钟)#准备#三张报纸,各组领一张折成帽子#活动目的#1. 学会赞美,懂得适时地赞美是人际交往的催化剂#2. 让他人满足的时候同时自己也体会到快乐#3. 提高自信心,有助人际关系的良好巩固#具体操作#1. 以小组为单位,站着围成一圈#2. 从一个成员开始,头戴高帽,站在圈子中间#3. 另外的成员依次上前,微笑着与之握手,并讲出其真实的优点#4. 中间

    151、戴帽者不说话,只需用心去感受#5. 依次轮换戴高帽#6. 完了之后请大家谈谈自己的感受#活动讨论#1. 当他(她)上前微笑着和你握手时,你的感觉是什么?#2. 当他(她)说出你的优点时,你在想什么?#3. 当你讲了别人优点之后,看到对方脸上的笑容时,你感到。#。#。#?#(6)活动名称# 总结,布置家庭作业 (10分钟)#准备#活动目的#1. 明确此次活动的内容,价值#2. 巩固人际沟通技能在日常生活中的运用#具体操作#1. 谈谈关于人际沟通,今天我了解了些什么?#我学到了什么?#我感悟到了什么?#在日常生活中我想我会。#。#。#?#2. 布置作业:#在下次活动开始,每个成员都要讲出本组外至少

    152、3个人的尽量多的信息(先介绍名字,再讲其优点或你对其的了解)#第四单元#活动名称#一、热身活动:#水果沙拉(10分钟)#准备#活动目的#建立团体辅导的气氛,把成员的注意集中到团体辅导活动中来#具体操作#1、首先让成员围坐在一起,从任意一个同学开始报苹果,其右边的那个同学快速地报香蕉,接着下一个同学报梨,一直进行下去,直到所有的人都报完,请大家记住自己的水果。#(苹果报数)#2、主持人告知大伙游戏规则,即主持人接下来要报一种水果名,报到的那种水果必须要离开自己的位置,否则将要收到惩罚。#(由于游戏开始后,主持人会占去某个成员的位置,所以,一定会有一个成员受罚,惩罚的方式可多变)#活动名称#一、心

    153、有千千结(20分钟)#准备#活动目的#大家可以进行身体接触,并且培养其团结合作能力,共同想出解决问题的方法#具体操作#1成员手拉手,看清楚自己的左手和右手是谁。#2确认后松手,在圈内自由走动。#3指导者叫停,成员定格,位置不动,伸手拉左右手,从而形成很多结或扣。#4成员不能松手,但可以钻、跨、绕,要求成员设法解决难题,恢复到起始状态。#5当排除困难、解决问题时,请成员分享活动的感受。#活动名称#二、你有什么感受?#(20分钟)#准备#胶纸一卷、笔、卡片10张#活动目的#协助组员更有效地沟通#具体操作#1. 组长预先在卡片上分别写下“让我成为领袖!#”、“不用理会我!#”“我说什么都取笑我!#”

    154、“反对我的意见!#”“我说什么都打断我的话柄吧!#”等等。#卡片的数目视乎组员的多少。#所写的指示最好是一半好的,一半差的。#2. 组员围圈而坐,用5分钟讨论一个题目,例如“小组下一次该有什么户外活动”。#讨论之前,组织哪个将先前预备好的卡片贴在每人额头上。#千万不要让组员本身看见那些字!#3. 各人在讨论时要跟从对方额头卡片上的指示。#4. 5分钟讨论时间过去后,各人除下额头上的卡片,述说刚才的感受,或问他们能否猜到自己额头上的卡片写了什么字。#5. 组长可自己问组员刚才没有理会他的感受,继而带出沟通技巧及基本礼貌。#活动名称#三、备受攻击(30分钟)#准备#活动目的#体验被排挤的感受#具体

    155、操作#1、抽出一人做箭靶。#2、在地上画一个圆圈,或用绳圈也可,“箭靶”站在中间,其他人要拍打他最少3次。#但不可给“箭靶”碰到,到被碰的人便要做“箭靶”了。#备注:#如有8人以上,分为两组为佳,这可易于走动。#变化:#“箭靶”可拉人入圈(这个圈一定要大一点),帮他一起捉人,即圈内人越来越多,直至所有人都入了圈为止。#活动名称#四、 拒绝场景(20分钟)#准备#活动目的#体会被拒绝的心理感受,并学会缓解#具体操作#成员分为两人一组,抽签表演各种需要拒绝别人要求的情景,表演后讨论怎么拒绝才能避免尴尬。#活动名称#五、心灵援助(20分钟)#准备#纸和笔#活动目的#帮助同学们汇集大家的意见解决当前的

    156、困惑#具体操作#成员们匿名写下自己目前比较困惑的人际问题,由领导者扮演求助者向全体成员求助这些问题,大家集体讨论解决办法。#第五单元#活动名称#一、可怜的小猫(10分钟)#准备#活动目的#活跃气氛,训练大家的幽默感#具体操作#1. 全体围坐成圈,一人当小猫坐在中间。# #2. 小猫走到任何一人面前,蹲下学猫叫。#面对者要用手抚摸小猫的头,并说哦!#可怜的小猫。#但是绝不能笑,一笑就算输,要换当小猫。# #3. 抚摸者不笑,则小猫叫第二次,不笑,再叫第三次,再不笑,就得离开找别人。# #4. 当小猫者可以装模做样,以逗对方笑。# #活动名称#二、信任被摔(30分钟)#准备#大约1.5到1.6米高

    157、的桌子#活动目的#培养团队意识,也可以让彼此间建立人际信任#具体操作#一个人站在高处,背对着站在地上的十个人,然后放松后仰,当然那十个人要在后面接住他。#注意事项#1、接人动作布置#做右弓步,双手伸出,手掌掌心向上交叠放在对方锁骨上(要注意五指并拢、拇指不能向上),一组的两个人要将脚和膝盖贴紧,腰挺直,抬头斜向上45度看背摔者。#2、背摔者动作布置#(1)背摔者手部的准备动作:#前伸、内翻、相扣、翻转抵住下颚。#(2)绑带后,令背摔者站在站台上进行以下动作:#脚跟并拢、膝盖绷直、腰挺直、含胸、低头、手抵住下颚,准备背摔#活动名称#三、巧扮女郎(30分钟)#活动目的#增强团队的合作意识以及合作的

    158、趣味性#活动准备#可为每组提供一些废旧报纸或者塑料袋、水彩笔等。#具体操作#每组成员推选出一名成员扮演女郎。#其他学院协助提供道具、形象设计、步伐训练。#注意:#有一定的时间限制。#活动名称#四、撕纸 (20分钟)#准备#准备总人数两倍的A4纸(废纸亦可)#活动目的#为了说明我们平时的沟通过程中,经常使用单向的沟通方式,结果听者总是见仁见智,个人按照自己的理解来执行,通常都会出现很大的差异。#但使用了双向沟通之后,又会怎样呢,差异依然存在,虽然有改善,但增加了沟通过程的复杂性。#所以什么方法是最好的?#这要依据实际情况而定。#作为沟通的最佳方式要根据不同的场合及环境而定。#活动操作#1、给每位

    159、学员发一张纸#2、培训师发出单项指令:# 大家闭上眼睛 全过程不许问问题 把纸对折 再对折 再对折 把右上角撕下来,转180度,把左上角也撕下来争开眼睛,把纸打开 培训师会发现各种答案。# #3、这时培训师可以请一位学员上来,重复上述的;i:5;s:12027:综合B3U4小测答案#Part I# Reading Comprehension#( 25 minutes ) #Section A #Directions:# In this section, there is a passage with several blanks. You are required to select one

    160、word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.#Albert Einstein was 1_. For the third

    161、night in a row, his baby son Hans, crying, kept the household 2_ until dawn. When Albert finally#3_, it was time to get up and go to work. He couldn#t#4_ a day. He needed the job to support his young family. Walking#5_#to the Patent Office, where he was a “Technical Expert, Third Class,” Albert worr

    162、ied about his mother. She was getting older and#6#_#, and she didnt#7_#his marriage to Mileva. Relations were#8_. Albert#9_ a passing shop window. His hair was a mess;# he had forgotten to comb it again. Work. Family. 10#_. Albert felt all the pressure and responsibility of any young husband and fat

    163、her.#A) exhaustedB) disdain C) awakeD) dozed off E) skip F) brisklyG) passionately#H) frail I) baffle J) approve of K) glanced atL) intuition M) stimulate N) Making ends meet O) strained#正确答案:# 1-10 ACDEF HJOKN#Section B #Directions:# There are several passages in this section. Each passage is follo

    164、wed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.#Passage One#Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.#For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using s

    165、cience for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems

    166、a long time for testing a new approach to human inter-living, long enough to set back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument11.#Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch an

    167、d violence in the 19th century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets on the issue of nuclear energy. “Give it back,# say some of the voices,” It doesn#t really work, we#ve tried it and it doesnt work. Go back three hundred years and start agai

    168、n on something else less chancy for the race of man.”#The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance of nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, and matters of absolute certainty Newtonian mechanics, for example have slipped t

    169、hrough our fingers;# and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, and ambiguities. Some of the laws of physics are amended every few years;# some are canceled outright;# some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.12#Just thirty y

    170、ears ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear:# the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and

    171、 reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imagining.13#It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the effor

    172、ts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea.14 As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.#11. What CANNOT

    173、 be inferred from the first paragraph?#A) Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.#B) For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude toward science.#C) Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progre

    174、ss unanimously(无异议地,全体一致地).#D) Some people think three hundred years is not long enough to set back for critical appraisal of scientific method.#正确答案:# C#12.The principal discovery in this century shows _.#A) man has overthrown Newton#s laws of physics#B) man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles

    175、#C) man has lost many scientific discoveries#D) man has given up some of the once accepted theories#正确答案:# D#13.Now scientists have found in the past few years _.#A) the exposure of DNA to the public is unnecessary#B) the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machine#C) man knows nothing about DNA#D) ma

    176、n has much to learn about DNA#正确答案:# D#14.The writers main purpose in writing the passage is to say that _.#A) science is just at its beginning#B) science has greatly improved mans life#C) science has made profound progress#D) science has done too little to human beings#正确答案:# A#15.The writer#s atti

    177、tude towards science is _.#A) critical#B) approving#C) neutral#D) regretful#正确答案:# C#Passage Two#Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.#Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We

    178、do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person to one#s side in the Philippines, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.#Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and

    179、 marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that #Gift# means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm#s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which mak

    180、es Americans uncomfortable.#Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and language of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.16,20#Even here in the United States, we make few conces

    181、sions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four language on our public buildings or monuments;# we do not have multilingual (多语的) guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation

    182、 systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.#When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives usually the richer who speak English. Our b

    183、usiness dealings, as well as the nation#s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.#For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.17,18 After all, America was the most powerful country of the world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.

    184、#But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing.19 A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs;# we want to have

    185、 a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even tough it may not always be the upper hand.#16.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably _.#A) stand still#B) jump aside#C) step forward#D) draw back#正确答案:# D#17.The author gives

    186、 many examples to criticize Americans for their _.#A) cultural self-centeredness#B) casual manners#C) indifference towards foreign visitors#D) arrogance towards other cultures#正确答案:# A#18.In countries other than their own most Americans _.#A) are isolated by the local people#B) are not well informed

    187、 due to the language barrier#C) tend to get along well with the natives#D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants#正确答案:# B#19.According to the author, American#s cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will _.#A) affect their image in the new era#B) cut themselves off from the outside world

    188、#C) limit their role in world affairs#D) weaken the position of the US dollar#正确答案:# C#20.The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that _.#A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends#B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs#C) it is

    189、necessary to use several languages in public places#D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures#正确答案:# D#Part III# Vocabulary and Structure#( 11 minutes ) #Directions:# There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).

    190、 Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.#21. The safe disposal of waste is a legal requirement rather than an industry relying on summer choice, so most _ disposal companies will not be threatened by the economic recession.#A. garden#B. garbage#C. gallery 画廊,走廊#D. garlic 大蒜;#蒜头#22. After re

    191、ading the news about her, the pop star _ the reporter violently for making up the story and spreading the rumors. #A. caused#B. curved 使弯曲;#使成曲线#C. cursed 诅咒;#咒骂#D. cure;i:6;s:10905:常用词/短语:#Buffet 自助餐 Napkin 餐巾纸 Fries 薯条 Appetizer 开胃菜 Straw 吸管 Plain rice 白饭 Fried rice 炒饭 Chow mein 炒面 Boba milk tea 珍

    192、珠奶茶 Cheeseburger 芝士汉堡 Regular/Large Drink 标准/大杯饮料 All-you-can-eat 自助餐 Sunny side up 煎一面的荷包蛋 Over-hard 全熟蛋 Scrambled 炒蛋 Ranch 田园沙拉酱 Thousand Island 千岛酱 Mayo 美乃滋 Blue Cheese 蓝奶酪酱 Italian Dressing 意式沙拉酱 Honey Mustard 蜂蜜芥末酱 Whole Wheat Bread 全麦面包 White bread 白面包 Toast 烤土司 Instant noodles 方便面 Chicken nug

    193、gets 鸡块 Mashed potatoes 土豆泥 Chicken Drumsticks/ Chicken thighs 鸡腿 Lettuce 生菜 Pickles 腌黄瓜 Onion 洋葱 Jalapenos 墨西哥青椒 Celery 芹菜 Coriander/Cilantro/Chinese parsley香菜 Green onion 葱 Ginger 姜 Gallic 蒜#常用句式:#Let#s grab something to eat!# 我们随便找点东西填肚子吧!#May I see your menu, please?# 可以让我看眼菜单吗?#What would you r

    194、ecommend?# 有什么推荐的吗?#I prefer something light. 我想吃清淡点.#What#s today#s special?# 今日特餐是什么?#Please take my order. 我要点菜了.#I#d like this combo. 我要点这个套餐.#I#ll have the same as that one. 跟那个一样的给我来一份.#For here or to go?# 这里吃还是外带?#Is that all?# 就这些了吗?#That#s all. / That would be all. 够了,就这些.#Cream or sugar?#

    195、要奶精还是糖?# Both 都要. The black will do 黑咖啡就行.#Would you like a refill?# 要不要再来一杯?#Have you finished or still working on it?# 用完了吗?# 还是要继续用?#Could we have checks?# Separate. 埋单,分开付.#Let#s split the bill. 我们各付各的.#It#s on me. 我请客.#I#ll take care of it. 我会付账的.#How would you like your steak cooked?# 肉要几分熟?#

    196、Well done 全熟;#Medium 五分熟;#Rare 三分熟.#What sauce for your steak?#Mustard (黄芥末) 、Honey Mustard (蜂蜜芥末) 、Sweet Onion (甜葱酱) 、Vinegar (红醋) 、Mayonaise(美乃滋) 、Ranch(酸奶蛋黄混蒜味儿)#点菜就餐的次序:#找桌子 看菜单 点菜 就餐 付钱 离开#已经订好桌子或对餐桌有特殊要求,进门后即可说出:#Id like a private room in the smoking/non-smoking area. #我想要一个吸烟区/非吸烟区的包间。#Ive bo

    197、oked/reserved a table for two. 我定了一张两个人的桌子。#在点餐前,一般先要份菜单:#May I see the menu/wine list?# 可否让我看看菜单/酒单?#准备好点菜时可以说:#Please take my order. 可以点菜了。#如果对当地的菜肴不熟悉,可以问:#What do you have for todays special?# 今天的推荐餐是什么?#What would you recommend?# I prefer something light.#我想来点清淡的。#你有什么推荐吗?#Whats the specialty h

    198、ere?# 你们的特色菜是什么?#也可以让同来的人替你作主,或是点一样的饭菜:#Ill leave it to you. 你来点吧。#Ill have the same as that one. 我要一份和那个一样的。#用餐结束时,可以说:#How would you like to pay?#请问您怎样付款?#8. I#ll treat you tonight.#今天晚上我请客。#No, let#s go Dutch.#别了,我们AA制吧。#Could we have checks?# Separate. 埋单,分开付.#Let#s split the bill. 我们各付各的.#It#s

    199、on me. 我请客.#I#ll take care of it. 我会付账的.#go Dutch:# AA制,也可以说 split the bill。#Could I have my bill, please?# 请拿账单来,好吗?#Check, please. 麻烦请结账。#在西餐厅就餐,菜单一般由三类不同的菜别组成。#the first course 或者 starters 是指第一道菜,往往是汤、一小碟色拉或其它小吃。#第二道菜是主菜,最后一道是甜食或冷或热,但都是甜的。#西方饮食习惯是先吃咸的,后吃甜的。#西餐菜单名目繁多,有时不易读懂。#遇到这种情况,可以请服务员解释一下。#面对迎

    200、宾员:#迎宾员:#“How many will you be tonight?#” 或 “How many people are in your party?#”#用餐者:#“Just two”或“two people”.#点饮料:#服务员:#“Can I bring you some water?#” or “Can I get you some water?#” 或者“Would you like tap or bottled water?#”#用餐者:#“Sure, we#ll have some water please. Tap is fine.” 或者“Yes. I#d like

    201、some bottled water pls”#点沙拉:#用餐者:# “I#d like to have the chef#s salad, please.”#服务员:# “What kind of salad dressing would you like?#”#用餐者:#:#“What are my options?#”或 “What kind of salad dressings do you have?#”#服务员:#“We have:#Balsamic Vinaigrette、Blue cheese dressing、Caesar dressing、French dressing、G

    202、inger dressing、Honey Dijon、Italian dressing、Ranch dressing、Russian dressing、Thousand Island dressing”#用餐者:#“I#ll have Caesar dressing, please.”#点餐:#服务员:#“Would you like to hear the specials for tonight?#” 或者“We have some specials this evening”#服务员:#“Are you ready to order?#”#服务员:#“Do you have any qu

    203、estions about the menu?#”#用餐者:#“We#re ready to order. I#d like to have the steak please.”#服务员:#“How would you like that done?#” or “How would you like that cooked?#”#用餐者:#“Medium, please.”#肉根据烧熟程度分类,分为:#微熟/中熟/熟透#rare # medium rare # medium # medium well # well done#出于健康考虑,有些餐馆至少会将肉加工到中熟。#在点餐的时候可能用到的

    204、单词:#Appetizer:#The small dish before your main course.#开胃菜:#在正餐前食用的。#Bill:#Also called “the check,” this tells you how much you need to pay for your meal.#账单:#又叫check,是告诉你需要支付多少饭钱的凭证。#Booster seat:#A child#s seat placed on a chair to allow the child to sit at the table (see also high chair).#垫高椅:#为孩

    205、子设置的,安放在椅子上帮助孩童够得着桌子。#Bus boy:#The person who cleans the tables and dishes off of the table.#餐厅帮手:#收拾桌子上的杂物和盘子的人。#Dessert:#The last sweet dish of the night, after your entr#e. (Notice that it is spelled with 2“s”)#甜点:#晚餐上的最后一道甜菜,在你的主菜之后。#Entr#e:#The main course.#间菜:#也就是主菜。#High chair:#The chair a ba

    206、by sits in (see also booster seat).#高脚椅子:#小孩子用餐时坐的椅子。#Hostess/Maitre d#:#The person at the front of the restaurant who greets you and seats you at a table.#女迎宾员:#在餐馆前面跟你打招呼安排你就座的人。#Menu:#the list of food and drink options available to order.#菜单:#关于饮料还有食物的单子,你可以照着这个单子点餐。#Party:#The number of people w

    207、ho will be sitting at your table.#派对:#一群人聚在一个桌子上共同用餐的聚会。#Tip:#Usually 15% (20% in New York City) of the bill. Waiters and waitresses rely on this money as their income. Also called gratuity.#小费:#一般是你要支付的账单的15%,纽约市是20%,这是餐馆服务人员的薪水来源。#又叫“gratuity”赏钱。#Waiter/Waitress:#The person who takes your order an

    208、d serves you food.#服务员:#为你的点餐服务,给你送上食物的人员。#Wine List:#The menu showing all of the wine options you have.#酒类一览表:#列出所有的酒,你可以按单点酒。#请给我菜单。#May I have a menu,please?#是否有中文菜单?#Do you have a menu in chinese?#在用晚餐前想喝些什麼吗?#Would you like something to drink before dinner?#餐厅有些什麼餐前酒?#What kind of drinks do you

    209、 have for an aperitif?#可否让我看看酒单?#May I see the wine list?#我可以点杯酒吗?#May I order a glass of wine?#餐厅有那几类酒?#What kind of wine do you have?#我想点当地出产的酒。#I#d like to have some local wine.#我想要喝法国红酒。#I#d like to have Frence red wine.#是否可建议一些不错的酒?#Could you recommend some good wine?#我可以点餐了吗?#May I order,pleas

    210、e?#餐厅最特别的菜式是什麼?#What is the specialty of the house?#餐厅有今日特餐吗?#Do you have today#s special?#我可以点与那份相同的餐吗?#Can I have the same dish as that?#我想要一份开胃菜与排餐(鱼餐)。#I#d like appetizers and meat(fish) dish.#我正在节食中。#I#m on a diet.#我必须避免含油脂(盐份/糖份)的食物。#I have to avoid food containing fat(salt/suger).#餐厅是否有供应素食餐?

    211、#Do you have vegetarian dishs?#你的牛排要如何烹调?#How do you like your steak?#全熟(五分熟/全生)。#Well done (medium/rare),please. #6#;i:7;s:19422:大学英语教学大纲#一、课程说明#1.课程代码:# #2.课程中文名称:# 大学英语 #3.课程英文名称:# College English #4.课程总学时数:#144# # #5.课程学分数:# #6.授课对象:# 非英语专业的一、二年级本科学生 #7.本课程的性质、地位和作用#大学英语教学是高等教育的一个有机组成部分,是大学生的一门必

    212、修的公共基础课程。#该课程是以英语语言知识与应用技能、学习策略和跨文化交际为主要内容,以外语教学理论为指导,并集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系,重在培养学生的英语综合应用能力,并对增强他们的自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养以及为他们以后的学术深造打好基础等方面都起着重要作用。#二、教学基本要求#1.本课程的目的、任务#通过本课程的教学,要求学生打下较扎实的语言基础,掌握良好的语言学习方法;#自主学习能力和综合文化素养得到提高;#具有较强的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力;#能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流;#了解英语国家文化背景和社会风貌;#为以后的学术深造打下必要的跨文化交际能力

    213、基础。#2.本课程的教学要求#根据大学英语课程教学要求,大学阶段的英语教学要求分为三个层次,即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。#一般要求是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到的基本要求。#较高要求或更高要求是为有条件的学校根据自己的办学定位、类型和人才培养目标所选择的标准而推荐的。#三个层次的英语能力要求如下:#1)一般要求:#听力理解能力:#能听懂英语授课,能听懂日常英语谈话和一般性题材的讲座,能听懂语速较慢(每分钟130-150词)的英语广播和电视节目,能掌握其中心大意,抓住要点。#能运用基本的听力技巧。# #口语表达能力:#能在学习过程中用英语交流,并能就某一主题进行讨论,能就日常话题用英语

    214、进行交谈,能经准备后就所熟悉的话题作简短发言,表达比较清楚,语音、语调基本正确。#能在交谈中使用基本的会话策略。#阅读理解能力:#能基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章,阅读速度达到每分钟70词。#在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时,阅读速度达到每分钟100词。#能就阅读材料进行略读和寻读。#能借助词典阅读本专业的英语教材和题材熟悉的英文报刊文章,掌握中心大意,理解主要事实和有关细节。#能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体的材料。#能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。#书面表达能力:#能完成一般性写作任务,能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等,能写常见的应用文,能在半小时内就一般性话题或提纲写出不少于12

    215、0词的短文,内容基本完整,中心思想明确,用词恰当,语意连贯。#能掌握基本的写作技能。# #翻译能力:#能借助词典对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译,英汉译速为每小时约300个英语单词,汉英译速为每小时约250个汉字。#译文基本准确,无重大的理解和语言表达错误。#推荐词汇量:#掌握的词汇量应达到约4795个单词和700个词组(含中学应掌握的词汇),其中约2000个单词为积极词汇,即要求学生能够在认知的基础上在口头和书面表达两个方面熟练运用的词汇。# #2)较高要求:#听力理解能力:#能听懂英语谈话和讲座,能基本听懂题材熟悉、篇幅较长的英语广播和电视节目,语速为每分钟150-180词,能掌握其中心大意,

    216、抓住要点和相关细节。#能基本听懂用英语讲授的专业课程。#口语表达能力:#能用英语就一般性话题进行比较流利的会话,能基本表达个人意见、情感、观点等,能基本陈述事实、理由和描述事件,表达清楚,语音、语调基本正确。# #阅读理解能力:#能基本读懂英语国家大众性报刊杂志上一般性题材的文章,阅读速度为每分钟7090词。#在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度适中的材料时,阅读速度达到每分钟120词。#能阅读所学专业的综述性文献,并能正确理解中心大意,抓住主要事实和有关细节。# #书面表达能力:#能基本上就一般性的主题表达个人观点,能写所学专业论文的英文摘要,能写所学专业的英语小论文,能描述各种图表,能在半小时内写出不

    217、少于160词的短文,内容完整,观点明确,条理清楚,语句通顺。#翻译能力:#能摘译所学专业的英语文献资料,能借助词典翻译英语国家大众性报刊上题材熟悉的文章,英汉译速为每小时约350个英语单词,汉英译速为每小时约300个汉字。#译文通顺达意,理解和语言表达错误较少。#能使用适当的翻译技巧。#推荐词汇量:#掌握的词汇量应达到约6395个单词和1200个词组(包括中学和一般要求应该掌握的词汇),其中约2200个单词(包括一般要求应该掌握的积极词汇)为积极词汇。#3)更高要求#听力理解能力:#能基本听懂英语国家的广播电视节目,掌握其中心大意,抓住要点。#能听懂英语国家人士正常语速的谈话。#能听懂用英语讲

    218、授的专业课程和英语讲座。#口语表达能力:#能较为流利、准确地就一般或专业性话题进行对话或讨论,能用简练的语言概括篇幅较长、有一定语言难度的文本或讲话,能在国际会议和专业交流中宣读论文并参加讨论。#阅读理解能力:#能读懂有一定难度的文章,理解其主旨大意及细节,能阅读国外英语报刊杂志上的文章,能比较顺利地阅读所学专业的英语文献和资料。#书面表达能力:#能用英语撰写所学专业的简短的报告和论文,能以书面形式比较自如地表达个人的观点,能在半小时内写出不少于200词的说明文或议论文,思想表达清楚,内容丰富,文章结构清晰,逻辑性强。#翻译能力:#能借助词典翻译所学专业的文献资料和英语国家报刊上有一定难度的文

    219、章,能翻译介绍中国国情或文化的文章。#英汉译速为每小时约400个英语单词,汉英译速为每小时约350个汉字。#译文内容准确,基本无错译、漏译,文字通顺达意,语言表达错误较少。#推荐词汇量:#掌握的词汇量应达到约7675个单词和1870个词组(包括中学、一般要求和较高要求应该掌握的词汇,但不包括专业词汇),其中约2360个单词为积极词汇(包括一般要求和较高要求应该掌握的积极词汇)。#参照教育部大学英语课程教学要求,根据本校学生的实际情况,针对B班学生的教学要求为:#在通过两年的大学英语学习后,学生在听、说、读、写、译各个方面能有所提高,达到国家教育部颁布的大学英语课程要求中的一般要求。#三、学时分

    220、配#本课程共开设四个学期,每周四学时,总共288学时,其中综合英语为144学时,听说为144学时。#学期#内 容#学时数#综合英语#听说#其它#总学时#第一学期#第一册#36#36#72#第二学期#第二册#36#36#72#第三学期#第三册#36#36#72#第四学期#第四册#36#36#72#合 计#144#144#288#四、课程内容# 全新版大学英语综合教程第一册#Unit 1 Growing Up#【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Grasping the main idea (the essence of writing is to write what one enjoys writ

    221、ing) and structure of the text (narration in chronological sequence);#2. Appreciating the narrative skills demonstrated in the text (selection of details, repletion, coherence);#3. Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening,

    222、 speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕单元主题Growing Up, 开展听说训练,培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解并掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写作 - 记叙文写作,培养学生掌握阅读技巧,并能熟练运用 “It is said that”结构和 as引导的状语从句 ,为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要点】:#1) Pre-reading Task#2) Text A Writing for Myself#

    223、3) Text B Summer Reading#4) Theme-related Language Learning Tasks;# #5) Writing Strategy:# How to write a narrative#6) Structure :# It is said that -;# as 引导的定语从句的用法#【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,吴晓真.大学英语综合教程教

    224、师用书1. 上海外语教育出版社,2002.#【本章节实验、实习、思考题】:# #1) Text A 课后练习 #2) Text B 课后练习#3) Part D Home Listening #4) Writing:# A Memorable Experience#Unit 2 Friendship # 【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Grasping the main idea (never delay expressing your true feelings to a friend) and structure of the text (developing a story around

    225、 a letter);#2. Appreciating that spoken English is much more informal than written English#3. Mastering the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕本单元主题

    226、Friendship, 开展听说训练, 培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解和掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用及英语口语的特点,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写作 - 书信写作,培养学生掌握阅读技巧,并掌握 “may/might (just) as well” 和 “taste as if”结构,培养听说的能力,掌握听说的技巧;#为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要点】:#1) Pre-reading Task#2) Text A All the Cabbie Had Was a Letter#3) Text B Never Let a Friend Down#4) T

    227、heme-related Language Learning Tasks#5) Writing Strategy:# How to write a personal letter (1)#6)Structure:# might just as well 和 as if的用法#【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,吴晓真.大学英语综合教程教师用书1. 上海外语教育出版社,2002.#【本章节实验

    228、、实习、思考题】:# #1) Text A 课后练习 #2) Text B 课后练习#3) Part D Home Listening #4)Writing:# Friendship#Unit 3 Understanding Science #【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Grasping the main idea (to ensure the survival of human civilization, measures must be taken to help the public understand science) and structure of the text (int

    229、roducing a topic, developing the topic with supporting details, supplying a conclusion);#2. Appreciating the style differences between narrative writing and expository writing;#3. Grasping the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening, s

    230、peaking and writing activities centered upon the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕单元主题Understanding Science, 开展听说训练,培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解和掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写作,了解记叙文和说明文的文体差异, 培养学生掌握阅读技巧,熟练掌握 “as many(much) as ” 和 “as is shown” 结构,培养听说的能力,掌握听说的技巧;#为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要点】:#1) Pre-

    231、reading Task#2) Text A Publish Attitudes toward Science#3) Text B How to Make Sense Out of Science#4) Theme-related Language Learning Tasks#5) Writing Strategy:# How to write an expository essay(1)#6) Structure:# as-as的用法和 as引导的定语从句#【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上

    232、海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,吴晓真.大学英语综合教程教师用书1. 上海外语教育出版社,2002.#【本章节实验、实习、思考题】:# #1) Text A 课后练习#2) Text B 课后练习#3) Part D Home Listening #4) Writing:# How Science Changes our lives#Unit 4 American Dream#【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Understanding the main idea (Tony Trivisonno realized hi

    233、s American Dream through his own efforts) and structure of the text (one part telling the story of Tonys life and the other giving the authors comments on it);#2. Learning to describe a person by his/her characteristic features, together with supporting details which demonstrate the features;#3. Gra

    234、sping the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕单元主题American Dream, 开展听说训练,培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解和掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写作 - 人物性格和外貌描写,培养学生掌握阅读技巧

    235、,培养听说的能力,掌握听说的技巧;#为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要点】:#1) Pre-reading Task#2) Text A Tony Trivisonnos American Dream#3) Text B Ben Carson:# Man of Miracles#4) Theme-related Language Learning Tasks#5) Writing Strategy:# How to write a personal description #【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.

    236、#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,吴晓真.大学英语综合教程教师用书1. 上海外语教育出版社,2002.#【本章节实验、实习、思考题】:# #1) Text A 课后练习 #2) Text B 课后练习#3) Part D Home Listening # #Unit 5 Romance #【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Grasping the main idea (the nature of a heart is seen in its response to the unatt

    237、ractive) and structure of the text;# #2. Appreciating the narrative skills demonstrated in the text (switch between tenses, change of narrator), some rhetorical devices (simile and metaphor) and the use of informal language in conversation;# #3. Mastering the key language points and grammatical stru

    238、ctures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕单元主题Romance, 开展听说训练,培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解和掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写 - 记叙文写作,培养学生掌握阅读技巧,并加强语法点独立结构的练习,培养听说的能力,掌握听说的技巧;#为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要

    239、点】:#1)Pre-reading Task#2)Text A A Valentine Story#3)Text B The Wallet#4)Theme-related Language Learning Tasks#5)Writing Strategy:#How to write a narrative (2)#【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,吴晓真.大学英语综合教程教师用书1. 上

    240、海外语教育出版社,2002.#【本章节实验、实习、思考题】:# #1) Text A 课后练习 #2) Text B 课后练习#3) Part D Home Listening #4)Writing :# A Memorable Meeting#Unit 6 Animal Intelligence#【本章教学目的、要求】:#1. Understanding the main idea (some animals seen capable of thinking when it is in their own interests to do so) and structure of the te

    241、xt (introducing,3 subheadings to give 3 supporting examples, conclusion);#2. Appreciating the importance of examples in exposition;#3. Grasping the key language points and grammatical structures in the text;#4. Conducting a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities centered upon

    242、the theme of the unit.#【本章教学重点、难点】:#围绕单元主题Animal Intelligence, 开展听说训练,培养学生基本的听说能力。#扩大和巩固词汇量,了解和掌握本单元的词汇和短语运用,基本的句子翻译和实用英语写作 - 举例在说明文中的重要性,培养学生掌握阅读技巧,并熟练掌握 “only to ” 和 “Why (not) do”的用法,培养听说的能力,掌握听说的技巧;#为全面提高学生英语综合能力打下坚实基础。#【本章节主要教学要点】:#1) Pre-reading Task#2) Text A What Animals Really #3) Text B Ho

    243、w to Make Sense Out of Science#4) Theme-related Language Learning Tasks#5) Writing Strategy:# Learn to use examples in essay writing#6) Structure:# 名词+形容词短语作状语 和祈使句+and(or)+简单句句型#【本章节阅读书目】:# #汪榕培,任秀桦 英语学习背景知识词典.上海外语教育出版社,1996.#董欣,宋海波.大学英语阅读教程1. 上海外语教育出版社,2003.#李培.大学英语综合教程课文辅导用书1.科学技术文献出版社,2007.#季佩英,

    244、吴晓真.;i:8;s:3599:Unit 9 Things and People#Choose the correct answers.#1.People usually buy aspirins at .#the chemists#supermarket#post office#2.A lot of Westem people go to the once a week to buy food and drinks.#chemists#cafe#supermarket#3.He likes helping people. He is .#kind#confident#intelligent#

    245、4.Mary likes going to parties and meeting new people. Mary is .#quiet#shy#outgoing#5.David enjoys talking.He never stops talking.He is .#talkative#intelligent#stupid#6.Jane puts on weight if she doesnt exercise. He has to .#work it out#put it on#work it off#7.John can always make people laugh.He is

    246、very .#funny#shy#serious#8.Im going to the newsagents to buy some .#milk#newspaper#a cup of coffee#9.A:#Where do you usually ?#B:#At the gym.#train#go#work out#10.Rose cant find her bag. She is it.#finding#looking after#looking for#Choose the correct answers.#1.A:# So, you have a boy friend. ?#B:# H

    247、e is tall and hes good-looking.#How does he look like?#What does he look like?#How tall is he?#2. A:# ?#B:# You cant take the number 56 bus.#Where is the bus stop#How can I get there#Where do I get off#3. A:# get on?#B:# You get on at the greengrocers#Where do I#How to#Which bus do I#4.A:# a newsage

    248、nt here?#B:# Yes,there is. Its just over there.#Where is#Is there#Have you got#5. A:# ?#B:#Hes got short brown hair and short beard.#What does he look like#What is his hair like#How is he#6. A:# ?#B:# She is very outgoing.#Whats Mary like#What does Mary look like#What does Mary like#7. A:# get off t

    249、he bus?#B:# You get off opposite the station.#How do I#Where do I#When do you#8. A:# , Im looking for the chemists.#B:# Yes. Theres one opposite the cafe.#Sorry#Hello#Excuse me#9. A:# the bank?#B:# Its between the cafe and the newsagents.#Where is#Do you live near#Do you know#10. A:# Is there a supe

    250、rmarket near here?#B:# .Its just around the corner.#Sorry, I dont know#Yes, there is#No, there isnt#Read and choose the correct answers.#Hu Ping gets up late and decides to go out. He wants to go to the gym today. So he goes to the shops and waits for the bus. He gets on the bus. Pays his fare and s

    251、its down. He gets off at the station and walks to the gym.#On his way to the gym he comes across Li Lin. They go in together. They stay at the gym all morning and then decide to go back to Li Lins flat together to have something to eat. They stay in and listen to music all aftermoon and then he goes

    252、 back home.#1. Hu Ping is a gym owner.#True#False#2.Hu Ping goes to the gym by bus.#True#False#3.Hu Ping works out at the gym by himself.#True#False#4.Hu Ping and Li Lin have their luch together.#True#False#5.Li Lin and Hu Ping are friends.#True#False#6.Li Lin and Hu Ping have their lunch at a resta

    253、urant.#True#False#Listen and fill in the gaps.#1. W hats Nigels height?#1 metre 85#1 meter 55#1 meter 75#2. Whats Nigels hair like?#long and fair#short and dark#short and fair#3. Whats the color of Franks beard?#grey#blue#brown#4. What does Frank like doing?#fishing#skiing#swimming#;i:9;s:13648:东西方语

    254、言差异与文化差异 #1在一种语言里有些词在另一语言里没有对应词。#汉语中有个谚语;#“夏练三伏,冬练三九”。#激励人们坚持锻炼身体。#“三伏”和“三九”在英语里是什么呢?#一个年轻翻泽对几个加拿大人说 three fu和 three nine。#听的人当然莫名其妙。#他只要说 In summer keep exercising during the hottest days;# In winter do the same thing during the coldest weather就可以了。#一个中国青年到附近游泳池去游泳,一会儿就回来了。#和他同住一室的中国人和一个外国朋友都感到奇怪。#

    255、他解释说:#“游泳池里人太多,水太脏,早该换了。#简直象芝麻酱煮饺子。#”这个比喻很别致,很生动,和他同住一室的中国朋友笑了,而那个外国人既没有吃过“芝麻酱”也没有见过“煮饺子”,丝毫不觉得这个比喻幽默,难怪他显出一副茫然不解的神情。#西方人形容某地人多、拥挤不堪,常说 It was papked like sardines(塞得象沙丁鱼罐头一样,拥挤不堪)。#这种比喻有些中国人可以理解,但不一定能欣赏其妙处,因为见过打开的沙丁鱼罐头的人很少,看到过一个又小又扁的罐头盒里,紧紧塞满整整齐齐的几排手指头长的沙丁鱼的人是不多的。#日常生活中的用语也有类似现象。#多数英美人从来投有睡过中国的“炕”(

    256、kang,a heatable bricked),没有吃过“冰糖葫芦”,(candied haws on a stick),也没有用过中国的“秤”(steelyard)。#大部分中国人没有住过美国的 motel(专为开汽车的游客开设的、有停车场的旅馆),没有吃过 hamburger(牛肉饼;#汉堡牛排;#汉堡包),也不需要在上班时由time clock,(出勤记录钟)证明他们是否按时上班。#类似这样的英语词在汉语中都找不到对应词,连词义相近的词也没有。#2在两种语言里,某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或概念,其实指的是两回事。#有些懂一点英语的中国人介绍自己的爱人时用lover一词,外国人对此颇为

    257、惊讶(因为lover表示信夫或情妇的意思)。#外国人不理解,一向在这类问题上谨慎小心的中国人,为何公开声明自己有 lover呢?#应该记住,相当于汉语中“爱人”这个词的英语词就是:#husband(丈夫)或wife(妻子);#frience(未婚夫)或fiancee(未婚妻)。#中国人问别人的“籍贯”时,可能指place of birth或where a person is from(本人的出生地或来自某地),也往往指where a persons parents or ancestors came from originally(父母或祖先来自何地)。#有时候两个地方是相同的,但也常常不同。

    258、#在英语中没有与“籍贯”对应的词。#Place of birth 只表示本人出生的地方,与祖先的任何情况无关。#这种差别有时会造成混乱,填写身份证、个人履历表、护照等时尤其如此。#下面再举一些英汉两种语言中“貌合神主”的词语的例子。#1、指“处所”、“机构”等的词语:#high school 高等学校 high school 是美国的中学。#英国的中学叫 secondary school, #service station服务站 service station 是给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方。#Rest room 休息室 在美国英语中,rest room 是剧院、大商店或大建筑物中的一间房子

    259、,里面设有厕所、盥洗设备等,供顾客、雇员等使用。#这是浴室、厕所的委婉说法。#汉语中的“休息室”应译为英语中的lounge 或 lobby。#2、指“人”的词语:#busboy 公共汽车上的售票员或司机 busboy 与公共汽车没有任何关系,它指的是在餐馆中收拾的碗碟,擦桌子的杂工。#(美国英语)#goldbrick 金锭 goldbrick 不是用以称赞人的词,它是美国英语中的俚语,指逃避工作的人,尤其是爱偷懒的士兵、懒汉。#大忙人 busybody 英语的busybody相当于汉语的“爱管闲事的人”。#汉语中为“大忙人”可译为 a very busy person,也可以直接说:# HeS

    260、he is always busy HeShe is always busy with something#3、成语,谚语,常用语法:#令人发指to make ones hair stand on end 前者用于看到或听到某种暴行等而十分“气愤”的场合,后者用于看到或听到某种可怕的事物而十分“害怕”的场合,相当于“令人毛骨惊然。#”例如:#The sight made his hair stand on end he thought it was his dead brother#s ghost.( 这个景象使他毛骨谏然,他以为这是他哥哥或弟弟的鬼魂出现了)英语中有 to bristle w

    261、ith anger一语,表示“气得毛发竖起来”,但多用于动物,不用干人,除非用作比喻。#自食其言to eat ones own words 前者指说了话不算数,答应了的事不去做。#后者指收回自己说的话,一般多用于强迫别人收回所说的话,使他丢脸。#例如:#He told everyone he was absolutely certain that his article would be published by the Times,but when the letter of rejection came, he had to eat his own words.(他逢人就说泰晤士报必将发表

    262、他的文章。#退稿之后,他只好收回自己的话。#)#to get a kick out of something被踢出去 前者是非常道地的英语成语,多用于口语,意思是“欣赏或从中得到极大愉快”。#如:#I got a kick out of watching those kids perform;# their play made me realize how strange and funny we grownups must seem to them(我非常欣赏孩子们的表演。#他们演的戏使我意识到。#在他们看来,我们这些成人多么古怪和可笑。#)这与“踢”这一动作本身毫无关系。#To blow

    263、one#s own horn (or trumpet) 各吹各的号 前者是个成语,表示“自吹自擂”,一般用来形容某人炫耀自己的成就、技能、智力等。#很象汉语中的“老王卖瓜,自卖自夸。#”如:# If hes so successful,why does he have to keep blowing his own trumpet?#(既然他干得很出色,干吗要整天自我吹嘘呢?#)汉语中的“各吹各的号,各唱各的号”则表示两个或几个人各于各的事或各自坚持自己的看法,不能协调一致,与英语中的 each doing his own thing相近。#3某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一两种表达方式,而在

    264、另一语言里则有多种表达方式,即在另一种语言里,这种事物或概念有更细微的区别。#4某些词的基本意义大致相同,但派生意义的区别可能很大。#二,下面为一些谚语#Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。#Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。#Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。#Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见,心不烦。#Birds of a feather fleck together. 物以类聚,人以群分。#Look before you leap. 三思而后行。#Where theres sm

    265、oke theres fire. 无风不起浪。#Where theres a will theres a way. 有志者事竟成。#Give a person a dose of his own medicine. 以其人之道还治其人之身。#All good things must come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席。#三,颜色的说法#White(白色):#对多数中国人和西方人来说,白色所引起的联想有一些是相近的:#purity(洁白), innocence(清白无辜)。#但英语中的white lie 这个短语是什么意思呢?#a white lie 指“不怀恶意的谎言”。#多数

    266、西方人对汉语中的“红白喜事”里的“白”字感到费解。#最好根本不把“红”、“白”这两种颜色译出,只说weddings and funerals (喜事和丧事;#婚礼和葬礼),因为西方人举行婚礼时,新娘总穿白色服装。#把白色与丧事联系起来,会引起反感;#而把funerals(丧事)说成是happy occasions(喜事),会使西方人感得吃惊,尽管这种说法反映了中国人对待死亡的达观态度。#在汉译英时,应注意有“白”字的汉语词语。#在某些场合汉语的的“白”字指的是颜色,但在英语对应词中并无white一词:#“白菜(Chinese cabbage),“白熊”(polar bear),“白蚁”(ter

    267、mite)。#在另一些场合,“白”字与颜色毫无关系,表示“待劳、(in vain),如:#“白费事”(all in vain, a waste of time and energy),“白送”(give away, free of charge, for nothing)。#此外,“白”字还可以表示“单纯的,不掺杂的”(plain, unadulterated),如:#“白开水”(boiled water),“白肉”(plain boiled pork)。#在某些场合甚至很难概括出某种函义。#如:#“坦白”(to confess, to make a clean breast of somet

    268、hing),“白痴”(idiot),“白话”(vernacular)等等。#应当记住的是:#“白”字并不总是white。#Black(黑色):#在英语和汉语中都有不少词语表明black(黑)与“不好的”、“坏的”、“邪恶的”特征相联系。#如:#blacklist(黑名单),black market(黑市),black-hearted(黑心的)等。#在商业英语的in the black有好的意思,即“经营一项企业盈利”。#如:#Since he was made manager, the company has been running in he black.(自从他当了经理以后,公司一直盈利

    269、。#)be in the black(赢利)的反义词是be in red(亏损,负债),这两个术语都来自记帐时所用墨水的颜色。#In the red 显然已被汉语借用,即“赤字”。#Blue(蓝色):#在英语中蓝色通常表示不快。#除in a blue mood 或having the blues 表示“情绪低沉”、“忧郁”、“沮丧”、“烦闷”外,在a blue Monday(倒霉的星期一)中,blue 也表示类似的意思过了愉快、幸福的周末,星期一又要上班或上学了,所以情绪不佳。#蓝色还常用来表示社会地位高、有权势或出身于贵族或王族。#He#s a real blue blood。#(他是真正的

    270、贵族。#)在美国英语中blue book(蓝皮书)是刊载知名人士,尤其是政府高级官员的名字的书。#Green(绿色):#除了前面提到的green with envy ,英语中还有green-eyed monster和green-eyed,都表示“嫉妒”。#可是,常用来表示“嫉妒”的汉语却是“眼红”(或“害了红眼病”),英语直译为redeyed,恰好与英语greeneyed相反。#有趣的是,过去汉语有“戴绿帽子”(to wear a green hat)或“戴绿头巾”(wear a green head ban)的说法,如说“某人戴了绿帽子”,即指其人之妻与他人私通。#英语中还常用绿色表示没有经

    271、验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等。#如:#You are expecting too much of him。# Hes still green,you know.(你对他要求太高。#他还没经验嘛)greenhorn 则表示“没有经验的人”或“新到个地方不了解当地习惯的人”,这一词语经常用于移民并带有轻微的贬义色彩。#yellow(黄色):#汉语中有“黄色电影”、“黄色书刊”、“黄色音乐”等说法,译成英语怎么说呢?#不能译为 yellow movies;#yellow books,yellow music,这种词语没人懂,因为英语中没有这样的说法。#把“黄色”译成英语可用pornographic(色情

    272、的),trashy(无聊的,低级的),obscene(秽的,猥亵的),filthy(淫猥的)或vulgar(庸俗的;#下流的),所以“黄色电影”可译为 pornographic pictures, obscene movies,“黄色书刊”可译为filthy books,“黄色音乐”可译为vulgar music。#但 yellow(黄色)这个词却用于英语yellow journalism这一短语中,指不择手段地夸张、渲染以招揽或影响读者的黄色新闻编辑作风,如突出社会丑闻,把普通新闻写得耸人听闻,有时甚至歪曲事实以引起轰动等。#许多美国商店和家里都有一本厚厚的 Yellow Pages(黄页电

    273、话查号簿),这是按不同的商店、企业、事业、机关分类的电话簿。#如按所有的食品商店、电子器材商店、娱乐场所,航空公司及医院等分类,列出电话号码。#这是一本很有用的书,全书用黄纸印刷,所以称Yellow Pages,与汉语中的“黄色书”(filthy books)意思完全不同。#汉语和英语中的主要颜色是相同的或相近的,但也有区别。#例如:#青qing:#可以指绿色(green),如“青椒”(green peppe);#可以指蓝色,如“青天”(blue Sky);#也可以指黑色,如“青布”(black cloth)。#黄huang上一般是指黄色,但也可以指褐色,如“黄酱”(soy bean past

    274、e);#可以指金色,如“黄金”(gold)。#在不同的语言中对同一物体或现象却用不同颜色来加以描述。#英国人喝的 black tea在汉语中不叫“黑茶”而叫“红茶”。#美国人谈到皮肉受伤时说be brised black and blue, 而中国人则说“被打得青一块,紫一块”(直译为:#be beaten blue and Purple,当然应译为地道的英语be beaten black and blue)。#;i:10;s:4794:动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式, 例如do的被动式有to be done, to have been done。#只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短

    275、语才有不定式的被动式。#一般说来, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。#例如:#He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要求派他去那个工厂工作。#These books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许带出室外。#但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思, 用的却是主动形式。#常见的有下列几种情况:#一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。#1)have(give, show)sth. to do#在这种句型中的不定式与

    276、前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。#例如:# I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。#否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。#试比较:#Have you anything to do this afternoon?# 今天下午你有事要做吗?#(to do是由you发出的)#Have you anything to be taken to your parents?# 你有要带给你父母的东西吗?# (谁带不得而知)再如:#Please get me someth

    277、ing to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。#He#ll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。#2)It(This, That)beaanadj. n. to do#在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。#动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。#例如:# This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。#question与to answer为动宾关系。#to answer可改为 for me to answer。#再如:#It is an easy sentence to tra

    278、nslate. 这个句子很容易翻译。#3)There be n. to do#在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。#用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。#例如:#没有时间可以耽误。#可译成:#There is no time to lose(to be lost). 用 to lose可看成for us to lose;# 用to be lost, 谁 lost time不明确。#但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:#a. There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to

    279、 do now. )现在没事干。#b. There is nothing to be done. (We can do nothing now. )现在没办法了。#a. There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)没有东西值得看。#b. There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)看不见什么东西。#二、在某些“形容词不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。#其句型有:#1)n. beadj. to do#The question was very difficul

    280、t to answer. 这问题很难回答。#The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。#2)n. betooadj. to do#The thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。#I was too excited to say a word. 我激动得连一句话也说不出。#3)n. be adj. enough to do#The box is light enough to carry. 这盒子轻得可带走。#The book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以买。#但下列两句可用不定式的主动式, 也可

    281、用被动式:#This plant is fit to eat to be eaten. 这种植物可以食用。#The cake is ready to eat to be eaten. 这块饼可以吃了。#三、某些动词, 如to let, to blame (责备), to seek(寻找)用主动式表被动意义。#例如:#The house is to let. 这房子要出租。#Who is to blame for it?# 这得怪谁?#The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。#练习:# 选择填空。#1. The chair looks rather hard

    282、, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.#a. sit b. sit on c. be sat d. be sat on#2. I#m hungry. Get me something _.#a. eat b. to eat c. to be eat d. for eating#3. It is difficult for a foreigner _ Chinese.#a. write b. to write c. to be written d. written#4. I have no more letters _, thank you.#a.

    283、to type b. typing#c. to be typed d. typed#5. The car is rather difficult _.#a. to repair b. to be repaired#c. repairing d. being repaired#6. He was nowhere _.#a. to see b. to be seen c. seeing d. seen#7. She had no money _ a birthday present for their children.#a. to buy b. to be bought c. bought d.

    284、 buying#8. We waited for the work _.#a. done b. being done c. to do d. to be done#答案:#15 bbbca 68 bad#;i:11;s:4619:快捷汉语比较句教案简洁版学生用 -刘冰冰#比较句#说明:#比较句用来比较不同人或事物在性状、程度上的差别。#主要有以下几种格式。#1. A + 比B + 形+ (数量补语)#例1:#南方比北方热。#肯定式。#例2:#他比我高一点儿。#数量词一定放形容词后,不可前置。#例3:#这个问题不比(没有)那个问题难。#否定式为“ A + 不比/ 没有+ B + 形容词”, 后边

    285、一般不加数量补语。#注意:#形容词前一定不能有程度副词“很、最、非常”等。#2. A + 比B +“ 早、晚、多、少”+ 动+ 数量补语+ (宾)#例1:#我比他早来半小时。#例2:#他比我少学了二个月汉语。#注意:#1.“早、晚、多、少”等一定要放在来、学等动词前,不能放在“比”前。#2.表示动作发生的语气助词“了”一定要放在动词后边,其他成分前边。#3.这个句型的否定式“ A + 没有+ 比+ 早/ 晚/ 多/ 少+ 动”不常用。#3. A + 比B + 动+“得.(形)”(程度补语)#例1:#他比我跑得快。#例2:#他写汉字比我写得好多了。#动词后有宾语时, 还可以说:# 他汉字比我写得

    286、好多了。#例3:#他不比我说得好。#否定式为“ A + 不比/ 没有+ B + 动+ 得+ 形”。#形容词后不能再加“ 一点儿、一些”等。#注意:#1.形容词补语后边还可加“得多“”一点儿“”一些“”多了”等, 但形容词前后不能加“ 很”“ 最”“ 非常”“ 极了”等词。#2.形容词补语后边不能加表示具体数量的短语,如“十分钟” 等。#4. 一天比一天(一个比一个)#例1:#天气一天比一天热了#例2:#我们班同学一个比一个聪明。#注意:#1.主语一定要放在“一天比一天”等的前边。#2.这个句型没有否定式。#5. A + 比B + 更(再、还).#说明:#这个句型表示“ B 已经是比较(很).,

    287、 A更.”。#例1:#这个房间比那个更大。#那个房间是比较大的,这个则很大。#例2:#今天比昨天还热。#昨天已经很热,今天非常热。#例3:#我认识的人里边没有比她更(再) 漂亮的了。#她最漂亮。#例4:#这件衣服就是比别的再便宜,我也不买。#对这件衣服不满意,很便宜也不会买的。#注意:#这个句型的否定式为“ A + 并不比+ B + 更(再、还).”。#6. A + 跟(和、同) + B.一样#例1:#他的大衣跟我的一样。#否定式是“ A 跟B .不一样”,不能用“ 不”否定“ 跟”。#例2:#他跑得和以前一样快。#“一样”后还可以加形容词。#例3:#我汉语说得没有他好。#否定式常用“ A 没

    288、有( 不如) B .”来表示。#注意:#1.强调A、B 很接近时,可以说“差不多一样”“几乎一样”“完全一样”,不能说“ 很一样”“ 非常一样”“ 最一样”。#2.一定不能把“比”和“(不)一样”“(不)相同”“差不多”等词一起说。#7. A + 有(没有) B + 这么(那么) + 形#例1:#儿子快有爸爸那么高了。#肯定式。#例2:#北方没有南方这么热。#否定式。#注意:#1.#有#表示达到后边事物的程度。#2.不能把“有”和“一样”一起说。#3.B 指近的事物时用“这么”, B 指远的事物时用“那么”。#当A 、B 同在近处时,可用“这么”、也可用“那么”。#8. A + (不)像 B

    289、+ 这么(那么).#例1:#这个小姑娘像她妈妈那么漂亮。#肯定式。#例2:#他不像哥哥那么爱游泳。#否定式,也可用“A + 不如/ 没有+ B+ 这么( 那么).”。#9. A + 跟(同、和)B + 这么(那么).#例1:#他的汉语水平跟高班学生那么高。#肯定式。#例2:#这个孩子没有姐姐那么聪明。#否定式,也可以说“ A 没有B 这么(那么).”。#注意:#否定式中,不能把“不”或“没”与“跟、同、和”一起用。#10. A 不如B.#例1:#我不如他努力。#“A 不如B”后边常是形容词。#例2:#他写汉字不如我写得好。#“ A + 动+ 宾+ 不如+ B”后边要用“动+ 得+ 程度补语”。

    290、#注意:#这个格式只表示否定。#3#;i:12;s:17010:非谓语动词#动词不定式#动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。#其主动式有一般式、进行时、完成式和完成进行式。#其被动式、进行式和完成式。#如下表:#时态语态#主动#被动#一般式#to do #to be done#完成式#to have done #to have been done#动词不定式主动式的句法功能#1、动词不定式作主语#当动词不定式作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数。#例如:#To say something is one thing;# to do it is another.说是一回事,做是另一回事。#To help

    291、animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ #It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ #It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)#当动词不定式在句子中作主语时,通常使用it作形式主语而真正主语则是不定式或不定式短语,以使句子保持平衡。#例如:#It#s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。#It is not difficul

    292、t to work out the problem.弄清这个节目的情况并不困难。#It#s very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。#It#s for sb.和 It#s of sb.#这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。# #1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:#例如:# It#s very hard for him to study two languages.

    293、对他来说学两门外语是很难的。# #2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词#如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。#例如:# It#s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。#2、动词不定式作表语#不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。#例如:# My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。# His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。#3、动词不定式作宾语#1

    294、)及物动词ask,agree,beg,care,choose,decide,expect,force,fail,hesitate,claim,hope,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,plan,prepare,promise,refuse,want,wish等要求动词不定式作宾语。#例如:#We want to learn some body language.我们想学习一点身势语。#She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow.她已经决定明天去广州。#No one can afford to buy such an e

    295、xpensive suit.没有人能担负起买如此昂贵的服装。#4、动词不定式作宾语补足语#有的动词后接带to的动词不定式作补语;#有的动词后接不带to的动词不定式。#1)能以带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:#ask,allow, get,warn,tell,invite,force, oblige, beg, wish,want, like, hate, expect, encourage, advise, persuade,permit, request, order, cause, know, call on等。#例如:#Would you like me to help you?# 你要我

    296、帮忙吗?#Father will not allow us to play on the street.#2)用不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有see,hear,watch,notice,observe,listen to,look at,feel,let,have,make等。#但是,这类句子变为被动语态时,不定式符号to仍保留。#例如:#I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。#=He was seen to dance.#The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。#=They were made to work the w

    297、hole night.#5、动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用#(1)decide,find out, forget,know,learn,remember,wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构,用作宾语。#疑问词一般是what,who(m),where,how,whether,why,which。#例如:#Would you teach us how to drive a car?# 你愿意教我们如何开车吗?#Let me tell you what to do now.让我来告诉你现在该做什么。# 当宾语是不定式(短语)时,如果其后有宾语补足语,则须用it作形式宾语,而把真正

    298、的宾语放在补语之后,即:#“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补不定式(短语)”。#常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, etc.例如:#I don#t think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。#He found it important to study the situation in Russian.他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。#6、动词不定式作定语#不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。#例如:#I have a lot of work to do.我有许

    299、多事要做。#There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。# #7、动词不定式作状语#不定式通常在句子里可作目的、条件、原因和结果状语。#1)#目的状语#常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such) as to(如此以便)。#例如:# He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。# I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅

    300、仅是向你告别。#2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。# I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。# He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。#3) 表原因#I#m glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。#She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。# 4)表示理由和条件#He must be a fool to say so.他可定是傻子才这样说。#You will do well to speak

    301、 more carefully.如果你仔细说,你会做得更好。#不定式的省略形式#1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。#2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。#注意:#被动语态中不能省去to。#例如:# I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。# =He was seen to dance.# The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。# =The

    302、y were made to work the whole night.#3) would rather,had better句型后#4) Why / why no句型后#5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:#6) but和except后。#but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。#比较:#He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。# He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。#7) 由and, or和

    303、than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:#8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。#例如:# # He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。#动名词#1、# 动名词作主语#1) 动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别。#一般地说,动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为,尤其是强调多次性的动作;#不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作,特别是将来的动作。#例如:#Checking information is very important.核实情况是非常重要的。#Learning a foreign lang

    304、uage is very useful to me.学习一门外语,来说是非常重要的。#2、动名词作宾语#1) 有些动词只能用动名词作直接宾语,不 能用不定式作直接宾语。#如:#admit, advise, avoid, consider,delay,finish, mind, miss, permit, practise, enjoy, resist,risk, appreciate, imagine, 例如:#He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天看完这本书。#Have you considered looking for one special

    305、 friend?#你是否考虑过找一位特别亲密的朋友呢?#2)动名词作介词宾语的用法。#be used to,# prevent.from, depend on,feel like, be fond of, be proud of, put off, give up, devote oneself to ,help yourself to, be busy in,be afraid of, apologize for 等。#例如:#I don#t feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路。#The Great Green will stop the

    306、 wind from blowing the earth away.绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。#注意:# 动名词前的介词有时可以省略。#如:# have difficulty (in) doing ;# have no trouble (in) doing;# lose no time (in) doing;# prevent/stop.(from) doing;# there is no use (in) doing等。#例如:#I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。#

    307、The heavy rain kept them from going out.大雨阻止了他们外出。#We# must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.我们必须防止犯同样的错误。#3)有些动词即可用动名词作直接宾语,也可以用不定式作直接宾语,两者有着截然不同的意义。#(1)like,love,prefer,hate.等表示喜爱、厌恶、偏好的情感动词,后跟不定式表示“仅一时的爱憎情感或指特定或具体某次行为”;#后跟动名词表示“抽象性的一种倾向、爱好或习惯性的动作”例如:#I don#t like to read this novel.

    308、我不喜欢看这本小说。#I don#t like reading# in bed.我不喜欢在床上看书。#I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我情愿工作而不愿闲坐着。# #注意:#这几个词前面有would, should 时,后面都只跟不定式。#例如:#Would you like to dine out?# 你愿意在外面吃顿饭吗?#(2)动词remember,forget,stop,go on,try,regret,can#t help等既能以动词不定式又能以动名词作宾语,但表达的意思却不同。#与动词不定式连用时,表示未完成的动作。#例如:#remembe

    309、r# 后用动名词表示 “记起过去做过的一件事”;#后用动词不定式表示“记住要去做某一件事情”。#例如:#Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。#Don#t you remember seeing the man before?# 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?#forget 后用动词不定式表示.“忘记要去做某件事情”;#后用动名词表示“忘记过去做过的一件事情”。#例如:#The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记

    310、关了。#(没有做关灯的动作)#He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。#(已做过关灯的动作)#stop#后用动词不定式表示#“停下来做另一件事情”(停下来的目的);#后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。#例如:#They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。#I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。# #go on doing sth# 表示“继续不停地做某事”或“一件事没有做完,停顿后继续做下去;#与原来所做的事相同。#”例如:#After he had finished his math

    311、s,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。#Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习#try# 用动词不定式表示“设法去做某件事情”;#后用动名词表示“试一试某种办法”。#例如:#You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。#I tried gardening but didn#t succeed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。# #mean后用动词不定式表示“打算、想要做某事”;#后用

    312、动名词表示“意味着、意思是”。#例如:# #I meant to tell you yesterday,but you were not in your office.我打算昨天告诉你,但是你不在办公室。# #Missing the train means waiting for an hour错过这趟火车就意味着还要等一个小时。#can#t help#后用动词不定式表示“不能帮助做.”。#后用动名词表示“禁不住.;#不得不”。#例如:#He couldn#t help finishing it.他不得不把这件事完成。#We couldn#t help to finish it. 我们不能帮助

    313、完成这件事。#be afraid doing/to do #be afraid to do不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为#怕#,be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。#doing 是客观上造成的,意为#生怕,恐怕#。#例如:#She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。#She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。#learn后跟不定式表示“学会了做某事”或“学着做某事”;#跟动名词表示“学过做某事”,但不一定会了。#例如:#He has learne

    314、d to type.他学会了打字。#(指会使用打字机)#He has learned typing. 他学过打字。#(他不一定会使用打字机)#4)动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思,相当于不定式的被动语态。#例如:#His clothes need mending(to be mended).他的衣服需要缝补。#Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。#These babies will require taking goo

    315、d care of.这些婴儿需要细心照料。#His talk is well worth listening to。#提高型#1. I have a lot of things _ this weekend.(1999上海)# A. do B. did C. doing D. to do#2. Youd better _ upstairs and tell the children_ make so much noise.# A. go;# not to B. go;# dont C. to go;# not to D. to go;# dont#3. Lily likes _ the clo

    316、thes of light colour.(1999甘肃)# A. to put on B. putting C. to dress D. wearing#4. Its too late. Why _ now?#(1999新疆)# A. not to go B. not going C. not go D. dont go#5. Please dont forget _ to me, will you?#(1998重庆)# A. to write B. writing C. write#6. When Im tired, I enjoy _ music.(1999云南)# A. listeni

    317、ng B. listening to C. to hear D. hearing the#7. Linda was very sorry for being late. # But the teachers smile made her _ better.# A. feel B. to feel C. fall D. to fall#8. I heard Mother _ with Father in the next room at ten last night. (1998重庆)# A. talk B. talking C. to talk D. is talking#9. The Gre

    318、at Green Wall will stop the wind from _ the earth away. (1998辽宁)# A. blow B. to blow C. blowing D. blew#10. Did the teacher tell you _ this afternoon?#(1998河北)# -Yes. Well go to visit the Science Museum.# A. to go where B. how to do C. what to do D. to do what#11. We are not sure _.(1998广东)# A. when

    319、 to leave B. when leave C. when leaves#12. Meimei went _ Kate with her Chinese.(1997天津)# A. help B. to help C. helped D. helping#13. _ is bad for our health.(1997河南)# A. Doing eye exercises B. Go to bed early C. Eating too much D. Taking a walk#14. Wu Dong is good at _ English.(1997吉林)# A. speak B.

    320、speaks C. speaking D. spoke#15. The old woman was _ tired _ go any farther.(四川)# A. too;# to B. go;# as C. very;# to#16. Would you please _ drop your shoes on the floor at night?# A. not to B. not C. dont D. wont#17. Most of the children enjoy _ computer games.# A. play B. playing C. played D. to pl

    321、ay#18.She should do her homework now. But she doesnt feel like _ it. # A. does B. do C. doing D. to do#19.Uncle Wang can make his kite _ higher in the sky.# A. fly B. flies C. to fly D. flying#20.Youd better _ the cinema by bus.# A. dont go B. to go ;i:13;s:3269:n 常见诊断#1#LMP (Last menstrual period)#

    322、最后月经#2#EDC (Expected date of confinement)#预产期#3#G (Gravida)#孕次#4#P (Para)#胎次#5#Abortion#流产#6#D&#C (Dilatation and Curettage)#扩张及刮除术#7#Twin#双胞胎#8#Primigravida#初产妇#9#Multigravida#经产妇#10#Fetal monitor#胎儿监视器#11#FHB (Fetal heart beat)#胎心博#12#PV (Per vaginal)#阴道内诊#13#NST (Nonstress test)#无压力试验#14#OCT (Oxy

    323、tocin challenge test)#催产素挑衅试验#15#Early / Late / Variable deceleration#早期/晚期/变异性 减速#16#Painless labor#无痛分娩#17#Cervical Os#子宫颈口#18#Effacement#变薄#19#Dilation#扩张#20#ST(Station)#高度#21#Floating /Dipping/ Engagement#漂浮/漂浮至固定/胎头固定#22#(Ir)regular labor pain#(不)规则痛#23#PROM (Premature rupture of membrane)#早期破水

    324、#24#AROM (Artificial rupture of membrane)#人工破水#25#ROM (rupture of membrane)#羊膜破裂#26#PIH (Pregnancy induced hypertension)#妊娠诱发性高血压#27#(Pre)eclampsia#子痫(前)症#28#GDM (Gestational diabetes mellitus)#妊娠糖尿病#29#Giant baby#巨婴#30#CPD(Cephalo-pelvic disproportion)#胎头骨盆不对称#31#Placenta praevia#前置胎盘#32#Abruptio p

    325、lacenta#胎盘早期剥离#33#Ectopic pregnancy#子宫外孕#34#Uterine rupture #子宫破裂#35#IUFD (Intrauterine fetal death )#子宫内死胎#36#IUGR (Intrauterine growth retardation)#子宫内生长迟滞#37#SGA (Small for gestational age)#小于妊娠周数#38#LGA (Large for gestational age)#大于妊娠周数#39#PTL (Preterm labor)#早产#40#Umbilical Cord prolapsed #脐带脱

    326、垂#41#Fetal distress#胎儿窘迫#42#Prolong labor#产程迟滞#43#Previous/ Elective C/S#前胎/自费 剖腹产#44#C/S (Cesarean section)#剖腹产#45#Lower segment Cesarean section#子宫下段剖腹产#46#ATS (Abdominal tubal sterilization)#经腹部行输卵管结扎#47#NSD (Normal spontaneous delivery)#自然分娩#48#Vertex /Breech/ Face presentation#头位/臀位/脸位#49#Malpr

    327、esentation#胎位不正#50#Lochia#恶露#51#APH (Ante partum hemorrhage)#产前出血#52#PPH (Postpartum hemorrhage)#产后出血#53#PP (Postpartum)#产后#54#Median episiotomy#正中会阴切开术#55#Perineal laceration#会阴裂伤#56#Perineal vaginal laceration#会阴阴道裂伤#57#PP Care (Perineal care)#会阴护理#58#EP wd (Episiotomy wound)#会阴伤口#59#Amniocentesis

    328、#羊膜穿刺#60#OGTT(oral-glucose tolerancetest)#口服葡萄糖耐量试验#n 常见药物#Ponstan#Yutopar(注射剂)#Panadol#Piton-s(注射剂)#Ergonovine#Methergin#Mgo#cytotec#Medicon-A#prostin#CTM#Ferrous#Buscopan#Senokot#Cefamezine(注射剂)#Gascon#GM(注射剂) #Transamin#Ampicillin(注射剂)#voren#keflex#primperan#;i:14;s:6236:Keywords fromthe 7 habits

    329、 of highly effective people#高效能人士的七个习惯关键词#第一部分:#自我探索 self-exploration#l 品德与技巧Character &# personality#l 思考thinking行为behavior习惯habit命运destiny#l 思维定式 paradigm 思维转换 paradigm shift #l 习惯 habit :#知识 knowledge + 技巧 skill + 意愿 desire#l 滤镜 map#l 原则 principle 自然法则 laws of nature #l 由内而外 from inside to outsid

    330、e#l 成熟模式 mature continuum#依赖 Dependent 独立 independent 互赖 interdependent #l 产能/产出平衡 P/PC Balance#l 效能 efficiency#第二部分:#个人领域的成功,从依赖到独立 Self-mastery,from dependence to independence#习惯一Habit 1:#积极主动 be Proactive#l 四大天赋 four talents:#自我意识 self-awareness 独立意志 independent will 良知 conscience 想象力 imagination

    331、#l 自由选择 freedom of choice#l 刺激 stimulate 反应 react#l 积极主动 proactive 和 消极被动 reactive#l 责任 Responsibility 与 职责 duty#l 关注圈 circle of concern 和 影响圈 circle of influence#l 承诺 commitment#l 各个级别的承诺 level of commitment#愿望Wish希望hope想 like 尝试 try要 want承诺#习惯二 Habit 2:#以终为始 begin with end in mind#l 两次创造 create tw

    332、ice:#l 智力创造 mental create 和 体力创造 physical create#l 意愿 desire * 行动 action = 成功 success#l SMART 原则:# SMART principle#1 确定的 specific#2 可衡量的 measurable#3 可实现的 achievable#4 现实的 realistic#5 有时间限制的 time#l 生命的核心 center of life#l 配偶husband/wife-家庭family-金钱money-工作job-名利-享乐happy-敌人enemy&#朋友friend-宗教religion-自

    333、我 self#l 使命宣言 Mission Statement#l 心灵演练 visualization#习惯三Habit 3:#要事第一 put first thing first#l 管理 management 和 领导 leadership#l 勇于说“不” say NO#l 重要 importance 和 紧急 urgent#l 时间管理 time management - 4D原则 4D principle#l 规划做 do it later 立刻做 do it now#l 放弃做 dont do it授权做 delete#l 第四代时间管方法六标准 six standards of

    334、 time management#和谐一致Coherence、平衡功能balance、围绕中心focus、以人为本people、灵活变通flexibility、便于携带Portability#l 自我管理四步骤 four steps#确认角色set role-选择目标choose targets-安排进度plan-每日调整adjust everyday#l 帕累托法则 80/20 rule#第三部分:#公众领域的成功,从独立到互赖Public Victory,from independence to interdependence#习惯四Habit 4:#双赢思维think win-win#l

    335、 情感账户 emotional bank account#l 人际关系六种模式 six relations#1. 双赢win/win #2. 损人利己win/lose#3. 独善其身win#4. 损己利人lose/win#5. 两败俱伤lose/lose#6. 无交易 no win or lose#l 勇气 courage 和 体谅 consideration#l 双赢五要素 five elements in win/win relationship#1双赢品德2双赢关系3双赢协议#Win/win character connection contract# 4双赢体系 system和 5双赢

    336、过程process#习惯五Habit 5:#知己解彼Seek first to understand, then to be understood#l 沟通是生活中最重要的技能 Communication is the most important skill in life#l 绝大多数人都是带着答复的目的去倾听 Most people listen with the intent to reply#l 沟通的元素:#10%语言+30%声音+60%肢体语言#Communication involves:#10% language + 30%sounds+ 60%body language#l

    337、 先诊断后开方 Diagnose before you prescribe.#l 倾听的层次listening at one of four levels:#1、听而不闻 Ignoring #2、敷衍了事Pretend Listening #3、选择地听Selective Listening #4、专注地听Attentive Listening #5、同理心地听/移情聆听 Empathic Listening #l 四种自传式回应Four Autobiographical Response#1、价值判断evaluating#2、追根究底 probing#3、好为人师 advising#4、 自

    338、以为是 interpreting#l 适时扮演知音:#理解和感知 understanding and perception#l 同理心三字诀Three points of Empathic:#等、问、换 wait a moment &# shift#l 同理心包含四个发展阶段Empathic listening involves four development :#重复内容 mimic content#重整内容 rephrase the content #表达感情 reflect feeling#重整内容并表达感受 rephrase the content and reflect the f

    339、eeling#l 同理心雷达(Empathic RADAR):#了解realize、评估assess、决定decide、行动act、检讨review#l 有效表达的基本方面The essence of making effective presentations:#品格ethos、情感pathos、理性logos。#l 一对一沟通 one to one#习惯六Habit 6:#统合综效 Synergize#l 敞开胸怀,博采众议 open-minded and inclusive#l 尊重差异 valuing the differences#l 整体大于部分之和 The whole is gr

    340、eater than the sum of the parts#l 沟通三层次 Three level of communication:#互相提防defensiveness、互相尊重mutual respect、统合综效synergistic#l 争执Dispute+妥协compromise第三条道路 the third alternative#l 双赢心态+方法+反映观点+创新思路理解尊重坦诚沟通=第三条道路#Think win-win+ Methods+ sharing + innovation+ understanding +communication= the third alter

    341、native#l 消极协作减效 negative synergy#第四部分:#自我提升和完善 Self-renewal and Improvement#习惯七 Habit 7:#不断更新 Sharpen the saw#l 自我提升和完善的四个层面Four aspects of self-renewal:#身体physical:#锻炼Exercise、营养Nutrition、压力调节Pressure Control#精神spiritual:#实现价值Realized Value、忠诚 loyalty、学习Leaning、冥想Meditation#智力intellectual:#阅读Readin

    342、g、想象Imagine、规划Plan、写作Writing#社会/情感social/emotional:#服务Serve、移情Empathize、统合综效Synergize、内在安全感 Inner Sense of Security#l 平衡更新balance in renewal#l 螺旋上升 spiral rising#;i:15;s:1509:Hero#Sung By #Mariah Carey#There#s a hero #If you look inside your heart #You don#t have to be afraid#Of what you are#There#s

    343、 an answer#If you reach into your soul#And the sorrow that you know#Will melt away#And then a hero comes along#With the strength to carry on#And you cast your fears aside#And you know you can survive#So when you feel like hope is gone#Look inside you and be strong#And you#ll finally see the truth#Th

    344、at a hero lies in you#It#s a long road#When you face the world alone#No one reaches out a hand#For you to hold#You can find love#If you search within yourself#And the emptiness you felt will disappear#And then a hero comes along#With the strength to carry on#And you cast your fears aside#02;#14And y

    345、ou know you can survive#So when you feel like hope is gone#Look inside you and be strong#And you#ll finally see the truth#That a hero lies in you#Lord knows.#Dreams are hard to follow#But don#t let anyone#Tear them away #hold on#There will be tomorrow #In time you#ll find the away#And then a hero co

    346、mes along#With the strength to carry on#And you cast your fears aside#And you know you can survive#So when you feel like hope is gone#Look inside you and be strong#And you#ll finally see the truth#That a hero lies in you#That a hero lies in you.#That a hero lies in you.#The End.#;i:16;s:13728:各种书信类应

    347、用文(真题):# 道歉+建议信,建议信/致编辑信,感谢信 ,推荐信 祝贺+建议信 ,欢迎+建议信,备忘录/报告,投诉信#1、十大必背范文之一:#08真题:#道歉+建议信, #Directions:# # You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you #forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to #1)make an apology, and #2)suggest a solution #

    348、 #Dear Bob, # Im writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when I #left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking #carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldnt have made such a stupid mistake. # Now something m

    349、ust be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the #CD enormously. I can either send it to you by express mail or alternatively compensate you at a #reasonable price. If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada. #Please let me know which solution you pr

    350、efer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you #will accept my sincere apology. # Faithfully yours, # Li Ming #参考译文:# #亲爱的鲍勃:# # 我写此信的目的是为了向你道歉。#在离开加拿大时,我忘了把那盘披头士乐队的#CD还给你。#走的时候太匆忙了,我把所有东西都塞到行李中,没有仔细检查。#当时要是多#加注意的话,就不会犯这种低级错误了。# # 因为我知道你特别珍爱那盘CD,所以一定要想办法解决这个问题。#我可以寄快递#包裹给你,也可以按合理的价格赔偿你的损失。#如果你

    351、不介意的话,我也可以在下次去加拿#大的时候把它给你带回去。# #请在方便的时候尽快让我知道你倾向哪一种解决方案。#希望你能接受我真诚的道#歉。# # 您真诚的, # 李明 #2、十大必背范文之二:# # 2009真题:#建议信/致编辑信(=短议论文) #Directions:# # Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. #“White Pollution” is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of

    352、your local newspaper to # 1) give your opinions briefly, and # 2) make two or three suggestions. #Dear Editors, # I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest. It is #my view that limiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance. # To cr

    353、ack this hard nut, I would like to propose several practical recommendations as follows. #First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags. In #addition, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing #bags. Last but

    354、not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department #stores or supermarkets. # I hope you will find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter to #further details. Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated. # Yours since

    355、rely, # Li Ming #参考译文 #尊敬的编辑:# # 多年来我一直怀着极大的热情与兴趣阅读贵报。#我认为限制使用一次性塑料袋非常重要。# # 为解决这个难题,我想提出如下几个实用的建议。#首先,我们急需禁止免费使用一次性#塑料袋。#其次,我们应该开发塑料袋的替代品,如纸袋或布袋。#最后,商场或超市应以更高#的价格提供塑料袋。# # 我希望您觉得上述建议有益,同时希望进一步讨论这一问题。#十分感谢您对我的建议给#予及时的关注。# # 您真诚的 # 李明 #3、十大必背范文之三:#2010英语(二)真题:#感谢信 #Directions:# # You have just come b

    356、ack from the U.S as a member of Sino-American cultural exchange #program. Write a letter to your American colleague to # 1)express your thanks to his/her warm reception, # 2)welcome him/her to visit China in due course. #Dear Bob, # I have just arrived at my home from the airport. As I sit behind th

    357、e desk, I just want to write #a letter to you. I am grateful for your warm reception in this cultural exchange program. You and #your family gave me a deep impression. The program is one of the most wonderful memories in #my life. # In once talk you said you want to travel in China. Well, you will b

    358、e welcomed and it will be #my pleasure to be your guide. By the way, send me a list and write down the places where you #would like to visit. # Please give my best regards to your family. (110 words) # Sincerely yours, # Zhang Wei #参考译文:# #亲爱的鲍勃:# # 我刚从机场回到家里。#我在书桌前坐下就想给你写这封信。#在这次文化交流项目中,非#常感谢你的热情接待

    359、。#你和你的家人给我留下了深刻的印象。#这个项目是我一生中最美好的#回忆之一。# # 你曾经说过你想来中国旅行。#那么,非常欢迎,而且我很荣幸做你的导游。#顺便说一句,#给我寄一张清单,写下你想去的地方。# # 请向你的家人致以诚挚的祝福。# # 你真诚的, # 张伟 #4、十大必背范文之四:#2011真题:#推荐信 #Directions:# # Write a letter to a friend of yours to # 1) recommend one of your favorite movies and # 2) give reasons for your recommendat

    360、ion. #Dear Neo, # Im so glad to hear from you. How have you been theses days?# # In your last letter, you talked about movies you love. I agreed with you that Matrix is a #great movie. Guess what?# If you lose some weight, youll be as cool as “Neo” in the film!# # Anyway, here is one of my favorite

    361、movies that I would like to recommend to you. The title #of the movie is The Legend of 1900 and therere some reasons for my recommendation. Firstly, #the director is very famous and respected all over the world. Its story is very moving and its hero #is a very talented pianist named “1900”. More imp

    362、ortantly, the sound track of the movie is #extraordinarily beautiful. I know you like music and you are learning to play piano. I hope youll #enjoy the movie and learn something about playing piano. I am looking forward to your reply. #Take care!# # Yours, #Li Ming #利奥:# # 很高兴收到你的来信。#近来过得怎么样?# # 在上封

    363、信里,你提到了喜爱的电影。#我也认为黑客帝国是一部伟大的电影。#你猜怎#么着?#如果减点肥的话,你会像电影里的“利奥”一样酷。# # 无论如何,我想给向推荐我最喜爱的一部电影。#电影的名字是海上钢琴师,推荐原#因如下。#首先,这位导演全球闻名,并且受人敬重。#它的故事非常感人,主人公是名叫“1900”#的一位天才钢琴师。#此外,电影的音效尤其优美。#我知道你喜欢音乐,而且你正在学习弹钢#琴。#希望你喜欢这部电影,并且从中学习一些钢琴技巧。#期待着你的回信。#保重!# # 李明 #5、十大必背范文之五:# # 2011英语(二)真题:#祝贺+建议信 #Directions:# # Suppose

    364、 your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a #letter to:# # 1) congratulate him/her, and # 2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life. # Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. #Dear Li Ming, # Im so gla

    365、d to hear that you have received the offer from Beijing University. Congratulations!# #Theres nothing surprisingI remember seeing how hard you have been working since #childhood. Now you have the opportunity to learn physics, which you have a huge interest in, in #one of the best universities in Chi

    366、na. I feel extremely happy for you. #Well, I want to share some reminders for university life with you. First of all, dont forget #your study. Second, take some time to know yourself well and make your own decisions. Third, #enjoy your life as long as its under your control. I hope you will have a w

    367、onderful time!# # Yours, # Zhang Wei #参考译文:# #李明:# # 很高兴得知你收到了来自北京大学的录取通知。#祝贺你!#没什么好奇怪的我现在还#记得你童年以来一直在多么努力地学习。#现在你终于有机会在中国最好的大学之一学习物理#学,你有强烈兴趣的专业。#我格外为你高兴。# # 下面,我想和你分享一些大学生活的建议。#首先,别忘了学习。#其次,花点时间好好了#解自己,自己做出决定。#第三,只要你能掌控,尽可能享受生活。#希望你过得开心。# # 张伟 #6、十大必背范文之六:# # 2012真题:#欢迎+建议信#Directions:# # Some int

    368、ernational students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the #name of the Students# Union to # 1) extend your welcome and # 2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here. #Dear Friends, # On behalf of the Students Union of Beijing Foreign Studies University, I would like to

    369、 extend #our heartfelt welcome to all of the overseas students from all over the world to study in our #university. #It is my great pleasure to offer you several practical suggestions. In the first place, life in this #prestigious university perhaps is not as easy as you have expected. You may be ti

    370、ghtly bound by #continual classes, abundant homework and exams. Then, be prepared for the hectic life here. In #the second place, in spite of all those burdens, various extracurricular activities such as sports #meets, speech contests, social gatherings still will provide ample opportunity to make f

    371、riends. So, #enjoy your life in this esteemed institute!# #All in all, although there is a lot of pressure, the time you spend on our campus will be #worthwhile in your whole life. Hope you like it here!# # Yours sincerely, # Li Ming #亲爱的朋友们:# # 我谨代表北京外国语大学学生会,向来我校学习的留学生表达衷心的欢迎。# # 我很荣幸地向你们提出一些实用的建议

    372、。#首先,这所著名学府的生活也许不像#你们所设想的那么轻松。#你们可能会陷入面临繁重的课程、大量的作业和考试。#因此,做好#准备迎接这里的繁忙生活吧。#其次,尽管有以上负担,运动会、演讲比赛、联谊会等各种各#样的课外活动仍会提供大量结交朋友的机会。#所以,尽情享受这所著名大学里的生活吧!# # 总之,尽管有很多压力,但你们在我们校园里度过的时光仍将是你一生中一段#有意义的岁月。#希望你们喜欢这里!# #您真诚的, # 李明 #7、十大必背范文之七:# # 2012英语(二)真题:#投诉信#Directions:# # Suppose you have found something wrong

    373、 with the electronic dictionary that #you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to # 1) make a complaint, and # 2) demand a prompt solution. #Dear Sir or Madam, # I bought an electronic dictionary from your online store on January 1st, but I found i

    374、t #has some problems after using it for a short period of time. # To begin with, the battery needs recharging after a mere 2 hours of use. This means #that I need to carry my charger with me when I go out for a day. In addition, the buttons on the #electronic dictionary are so small that it is nearl

    375、y impossible to type anything with them. #Personally, I find this to be completely unacceptable. # Therefore, I would like to either change the electronic dictionary for another model #that works well or a full refund. Your help is greatly appreciated. # Yours sincerely, # Zhang Wei #参考译文 #尊敬的先生或女士:

    376、# # 1月1日我在贵网店购买了一部电子词典,但在使用了一段时间之后,我发现它#有一些问题。# # 首先,在仅仅使用两小时之后,电池就需要充电。#这就意味着当我出门一天时,#就需要随身携带充电器。#此外,这部电子词典的按键如此之小,以至于几乎无法通过键盘输#入任何东西。#对我个人而言,我认为这一点完全不能接受。# # 因此,我希望要么为我换一个能运行正常的型号,要么全额退款。#非常感谢您的#帮助。# # 您真诚的, # 张伟 #8、十大必背范文之八:#备忘录/报告:# #Directions:# # The environmental protection club is going to o

    377、rganize some activities with the #theme of “Creating Green Culture and Building Low-Carbon Campus”. As the club leader, you will #write a memo to the members to explain the importance and arrangements of those activities. # Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. #To:# All club members #Fr

    378、om:# Li Ming #Date:# January 19, 2013 #Subject:# Creating Green Culture and Building Low-Carbon Campus # We are going to launch a series of activities to promote low-carbon lifestyle, or #more specifically to advocate energy efficiency, waste minimization and recycling. This green #lifestyle is a;i:

    379、17;s:7836:捷克共和国 捷克共和国,是一个中欧地区的内陆国家,国土面积 78866 平方 公里,其 前身为捷克斯洛伐克,于 1993 年与斯洛伐克和平地分离。#在捷克的 国际通用称 呼方面, 虽然习惯上英语多数是以 Czech Republic 称呼之, 但 事实上在一份 1993 年时公布的官方文件中,捷克外交部要求世界各国在地理 用途上提及捷克这地 区时,应该用 Czechia (相对捷克语中的 ?#esko )这名称来称呼之,而 Czech Republic 则保留,作为官方文件时 使用,其国际代码为 CZ。#捷克于 2006 年被 世界银行列入发达国家行列。#在 东部欧洲国家中

    380、,捷克拥有很高水平的人类发 展指数。#这是欧盟的一员,北约、 经合组织欧安组织和欧洲委员会。# 2004 年 5 月 1 日捷克正式加入欧盟。# The Republic of Czech is a landlocked country in Central Europe, with an area of 78866 square kilometers, formerly known as Czechoslovakia, which was separated from and Slovakia in 1993. In the Czech Republic international comm

    381、on name, although used on most of the English is called as Czech Republic of, but in fact in an official document released in 1993, the Czech Ministry of foreign affairs requirements around the world in geographic use referred to in this region of the Czech Republic should Czechia (relative to the C

    382、zech Esko) the name of, and Czech Republic is retained, as official documents, the international code for CZ. 1 Czech was included in the ranks of developed countries by the world bank in 2006. In Eastern European countries, Czech has a high level of#human development index. This is a member of the

    383、European Union, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the European commission. May 1, 2004 Czech formally joined the eu.#国旗#National flag#捷克国旗呈长方形,长宽之比为 3:#2。#旗面由蓝、白、红三色组成。#左侧 为 蓝色等腰三角形。#右侧是两个相等的梯形,上白下红。#蓝、白、红三色是斯 拉 夫民族喜欢的传统颜色。#捷克人的故乡是古老的波希米亚王国,这个王国的 颜 色为红、白两色。#白色代表神圣和纯洁,象征着人民对和平与光明的追求;# 红 色象征勇敢和不畏困难的精神,象征人民为国家的独立解放

    384、和繁荣富强而奉 献 的鲜血与取得的胜利。# 蓝色来自原来的摩拉维亚和斯洛伐克省徽章的颜色。# The Czech national flag is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is 3:#2. The flag consists of blue, white and red. The blue triangle. Right is the ladder two equal, white and red. Blue, white, red is the traditional color of the Slavic peoples

    385、like the. Czech is the hometown of the ancient kingdom of Bohemia, the kingdom of color is red, white and white. White represents the holy and pure, a symbol of people#s pursuit of peace and bright;# red symbolizes courage and willingness to solve difficult spirit, a symbol of the people for nationa

    386、l independence and#liberation and prosperity and dedication of blood and victory. Blue comes from the original color of the Moravia and Slovakia badge.#国徽 National Emblem#捷克国徽分大小两种。#大国徽为方形盾徽,盾面分四部分:#左上方和右下方 为 红地上白色的双尾狮,狮子头戴金冠,爪为金黄色,前爪腾起,代表波希米 亚;# 右上方为蓝地上红白色相间的鹰,代表摩拉维亚;#左下方为黄地上头戴金 冠的 黑鹰,爪为红色,胸前绘有白色月牙

    387、,十字形和三叶形饰物分别位于月牙 中央 和两端,代表西里西亚。#捷克包括历史上的波西米亚、摩拉维亚和西里西 亚地 区,这枚盾徽形象地揭示了捷克的历史渊源。#小国徽为盾形,盾面为红色, 上 有一头戴金冠、爪为金黄色、前爪腾起的双尾狮。# The national emblem of Czech size two. Country emblem square shield emblem and shield divided into four parts:# the top right and bottom left red on white double tailed lion, lion, w

    388、ith golden crowns on their heads, claw is golden yellow, forepaw jumping, on behalf of the Bohemian;# right above the blue and red and white eagle, on behalf of the Moravian;# for the bottom left of the overhead and yellow golden crowns Black Hawk claws for the red, chest painted a white crescent, c

    389、ruciform and three foiled are located in the central crescent and ends, on behalf of Silesia. Czech, including Bohemia, Moravia and, which is the history of the Silesia, the shield emblem of the image reveals the historical origins of Czech. The small national emblem#for the shield, the shield is re

    390、d, one wearing a golden crown, two tailed Golden Lion claw, claw jumping.#饮食#Diet#捷克人的饮食以猪肉为主,日常民族饭菜是猪肉排、甜酸菜和馒头片,捷 克人 喜饮啤酒,人均消费量 160 升,据世界首位。#到了捷克,可别错过捷克人 常 吃的 Knedliky,也就是面皮包肉馅的洋水饺,但是配上东欧人特爱的酸白菜 (Zeli)及沾酱,相当美味。# Czech food is given priority to with pork and peoples daily food is pork, sweet and sou

    391、r dishes and steamed bread, the Czech people like drinking beer, 160 liters per capita consumption, according to the first in the world. To the Czech Republic, don#t miss the Czechs eat Knedliky, is wrapper meat of ocean dumplings, but with Eastern European love of sour cabbage (Zeli) and sauce and

    392、quite delicious. 捷克人嗜食肉类,水果蔬菜很少。#捷克的国菜,可以说就是烤猪肉了 (Knedliky 及 Zeli),炖煮的食品也是不错的选择。#Czech people eat meat, fruits and vegetables are few. Czech#s national food, it can be said that the roast pork (Knedliky and Zeli), the food is also a good choice to cook. 捷克人嗜酒,当地酿制的皮耳森啤酒#( PlzenskyPrazdroj) 相当知名, 皮 尔

    393、森啤工厂开放参观, 爱酒人士不可错过。# 另外,摩拉维亚地区的葡萄酒也相 当不错。# 捷克各地的 Pub 提供各式酒类, 除了啤酒, 还有梅子白兰地 (slivovice) 、 草药苦酒(becherovka)等, 都算得上口味特殊。# Czech man was addicted to alcohol, the local brewed pilsener beer (PlzenskyPrazdroj) fairly well-known, Pearson beer factory open to visitors, wine lovers don#t can miss. In additio

    394、n, the Moravia area of wine is also quite good. All over the Czech pub provides various types of wine, in addition to beer, and plum brandy (slivovice), herbal bitters (BECHEROVKA), are regarded as taste special. 捷克和斯洛代表客人在食上 习惯吃西餐。#他们吃早餐时,要有麦粥。#而在 晚餐时,一般都要有汤。#但是, 他们爱吃清汤,同时也特别爱吃用奶油做的各 种点心。#一般说来,他们在口

    395、味 上与法国人相似,喜食以炸、焖烹的菜肴。# 捷克最有名的美食是 gulas 是一种 炖牛肉。#而这种炖牛肉的方法也很复杂,他 要按照时间添加二十三种不同的调 味料。#整个制作过程要大约四个小时。# Czech and Thilo on behalf of the guests on the food habit to eat Western food. They have to eat breakfast, porridge. And in the dinner, usually have soup. However, they eat soup, all kinds of snacks a

    396、lso especially like made with cream. Generally speaking, their tastes are similar to the French, eating fried, braised dishes to cook. Czech#s most famous food is gulas is a stew beef. And the method of the beef stew is very complicated, he wants to add twenty-three kinds of different seasonings acc

    397、ording to time. The whole process takes about four hours.#;i:18;s:11796:# 广东省英语听说考试(三问五答)训练必背材料 #1、个人情况(personal information) #(1)When were you born?# I was born in May./June/march #(2) Where were you born?# I was born in Changsha. #(3) Where do you live?# I live in Changsha. #(4) Which class are yo

    398、u in?# I am in Class 11/13. #1.What do you think of yourself?# #2. Do you think you are able to take care of yourself?# #( 1 ) How old are you?# ( 2 ) Do you enjoy your school life?# #( 3 ) When do you get up every day?# ( 4 ) Are you interested in English?# Why?# #话题:#Personal information(个人情况) #(

    399、1 ) Are you a happy boy/girl?# ( 2 ) How old are you?# #( 3 ) How many people are there in your family?# ( 4 ) Do you love your family?# Why?# # #2.学校生活(School life) #(1) Do you think you are a good student?# Yes, I think so. #(2) Are you interested in English?# Yes, I am. #(3) How many subjects do

    400、you have?# Seven. #(4) Do you like your school?# Why?# Yes, I do. Because its the best. #How many days do you go to school every week?# Five. #Can you tell me five subjects you study at school?# English, Chinese, maths, history, P.E. #Which is more popular in your school, football or basketball?# Fo

    401、otball/Basketball. #Do you have a lot of homework to do every day?# Yes, I do./No, I dont #Can you say something about your class?# #Yes. My class is a good one. All my classmates are very friendly. # # 话题:#School life(学校生活) #( 1 ) Do you go to school every day?# ( 2 ) When do you usually get to sch

    402、ool?# #( 3 ) What do you usually do after school?# ( 4 ) Do you like your school?# Why?# # #3、家庭、朋友与周围的人(Family, friends and people around) #(1) Do you love your family?# Yes, I do. #(2) How many people are there in your family?# There. #(3) What does your father do?# He is a teacher. /a driver./an

    403、officer. #(4) Do you have many friends?# Yes, I do. #(5) Who is your best friend?# _. #(6) What do you often do when you get together?# We often play football./chat with each other. (1) Are you happy at home?# Why?# Yes, I am. Because I love my family. #(2) Do you prefer big families or small famili

    404、es?# Small families./Big families. #(3) Could you tell me something about your family?# My family is a big one. #(WORES:#grandparents, parents, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, schoolmate, classmate, teacher etc.) # #话题:#Family, friends and people around(家庭、朋友与周围的人) #( 1 ) Is your mother a doctor?# ( 2

    405、 ) How old is your father?# #( 3 ) What do you often do when you stay at home?# ( 4 ) Do you love your family?# Why?# # #4、日常活动(Daily routines) #(1) Are you busy these days?# Yes, I am. #(2) Do you have classes from Monday to Friday?# Yes, I do. #(3) How do you usually go to school?# By bus./ On foo

    406、t./By bike. #(4) Where do you have your lunch?# At home./ At school. #(5) How do you spend your free time?# I watch TV./Play games./ play basketball. # What time do you usually go to school in the morning?# At:#7:#00 #Is your school for from your home?# Yes, it is./No, it isnt #What do you usually d

    407、o on Sundays?# I do some sports./I have a good rest. #What do you do in the morning?# I do morning exercises./I have breakfast. #1、 Do you do exercise every day?# 2、What time do you usually get up?# #3、What do you usually do after school?# 4、What time do you go to bed?# #5、When do you usually have s

    408、upper?# 6、How far is it from your home to your school?# #7、Do you watch TV every day?# 8、How do you get to school?# # #话题:#Daily routines(日常活动) #( 1 ) Do you play basketball every day?# ( 2 ) What time do you usually get up?# #( 3 ) What do you usually do after supper?# ( 4 ) Do you like watching TV

    409、?# Why?# #5、周围的环境(personal environments) #(1) Is there a supermarket near here?# Yes, there is. #(2) Where did you buy your schoolbag?# In the supermarket. #(3) How much is your bag?# 50 yuan. #(4) DO you like the bag?# Why?# Yes, I do. #Where is your hometown?# Changsha. #Is there any river near yo

    410、ur home?# Yes, there is. #Do you live in the city or in the country?# In the city. #Which do you prefer, living in the city or living in the country?# Why?# #I prefer living in the country. Because the country is quite and the air is fresh. #话题:#Personal environments(周围的环境) #(1) Is there a river nea

    411、r your home?# (2)How often do you clean your classroom?# #(3)What can we do to keep our school nice and clean?# #(4)Do you think Changsha is a beautiful city?# Why?# # #6、兴趣与爱好 #(1) Do you like playing football?# Yes, I do. #(2) Are you interested in watching TV?# Yes, I am. #(3) What is your favori

    412、te color?# Red./Blue. #(4) Which subject do you like best?# English./Maths./P.E. #(5) What do you usually do in your free time?# I watch. TV. #DO you like sports?# Yes, I do. #Do you have much time on sports?# Yes, I do. #What is the most popular sport in China?# Tabletennis. #When will the next Oly

    413、mpic Games be held in Beijing?# In 2008. #How do you spend your free time?# I listen to music./read some books. #1、 What kind of music do you like?# 2、Do you like pop singers/music?# #3、 What kind of singers do you like best?# 4、What kind of movies do you like?# #5、 Do you like watching TV?# Why or

    414、why not?# #(WORDS:#music, dance, do sports, computer games, collect stamps, collect coins, collect dolls, read books, newspapers, comics, listen to radio, watch TV, have parties, go for picnics) # #话题:#Interests and hobbies (兴趣与爱好) #(1) Do you like playing basketball?# #(2) Who is the best basketbal

    415、l player in your class?# #(3)Whats your hobby?# (4)Is playing computer games too much good or bad?# Why?# #7、个人感情(Emotions) #(1) Are you happy today?# Yes, I am. (2) Do you like pop music?# Yes, I do. #(3) Who is the most popular teacher in your school?# Miss-.Mr-. #(4) Will you get angry if your fr

    416、iend hit you?# Why?# No. I wont. Because I think friendship is the most important. (WORDS:#Happy, sad, angry, upset, pleased, proud, lonely, worried, nervous, afraid, smile cry) #话题:#Emotions (个人感情) #( 1 ) Are you happy today?# ( 2 ) How are you getting on with your family members?# #( 3 ) Who is yo

    417、ur favorite teacher?# ( 4 ) Do you love your father?# Why?# # #8、人际关系(Interpersonal relationships) #(1) Do you have any brothers or sisters?# Yes, I do. #(2) Who do you usually ask for help?# My friends./My mother./My sister. #(3) Do you have any good friends?# Yes, I do. #(4) Are you getting on wel

    418、l with your friends?# Yes, I am. #(5) Can you say something about your best friend?# My best friend is He is tall. #话题:#Interpersonal relationships (人际关系) #( 1 ) Do you have any friends?# ( 2 ) Who is your best friend?# #( 3 ) What do you often do when youre with your friends?# #( 4 ) Can your paren

    419、ts be your friends?# Why?# # #话题:#Language learning (语言学习) #(1) Is it easy for you to learn English?# (2) Who is your English teacher?# #(3) How to study English well?# (4) Do you like Chinese?# Why?# #(4) Do you have a foreign teacher in your school?# Yes, we do. #(5) Have you ever talked with a fo

    420、reigner?# Yes, I have. #(6) How do you learn English?# By reading aloud./ By listening to the radio./ By watching videos. #17、 自然(Nature) #(1) Is there a garden in your school?# Yes, there is. #(2) What can you see in a garden?# I can see flowers and grass. #(3) How often do you go to the zoo?# Once

    421、 a year. #(4) Whats your favorite animal?# Cats. #Why do you like the animal?# Because they are cute and lovely. #(5) Do you think its good to keep the animals in the zoo?# Why or why not?# #No, I dont think so. Because the animals are not free and they (WORDS:#trees, bushes, grass, flowers/ dogs, c

    422、ats, tigers, lions, sheep, endangered animals, pets, zoo) #话题:#Nature (自然) #(1) Do you love the nature?# (2) Have you ever been to seaside?# #(3) Which is bigger, the sun or the moon?# #(4) Where is the most beautiful place in our country?# Why?# # #18、世界和环境(The world and the environment) #(1) Can y

    423、ou tell me five countries in the world?# China, Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Japan (2) Which country do you want to travel to?# Canada. #(3) Do you like living in Changsha?# Yes, I do. #(4) What do you think of Changsha?# Its clean and beautiful./Its a little crowded. (WORDS:#countries:#China, Gr

    424、eat Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Russia, India Egypt/ clean, Dirty, crowed, polluted.) # #话题:#The world and the environment(世界与环境) #(1) Do you like snow?# (2) What did you do when it snowed last winter?# #(3) What can we do to make our city nice and clean?# #(4) Do you think

    425、 our environment is it better now?# Why?# #19、科普知识与现代技术(Popular science aid modern technology) #(1) Do you have a computer?# Yes, I do. #(2) How often do you surf the Internet?# Twice/ Once a week. #(3) What can you get from the Internet?# Some information and news. #(4) Do you think students should

    426、 be allowed to play computer games?# Why or why not?# # Yes, I think so. Because we can learn something new from the internet. #话题:#Popular science and modern technology (科普知识与现代技术) #(1) Do you like science?# (2) Have you got a computer?# #(3) Where do you have your IT class?# (4) Do you think that

    427、internet is helpful?# Why?# # #20.口语考试中的难点问题 #11)What do you think of your school(1ife)?#Its great #2) What do you think of our environment?# Its not so good. #3) What do you think of your parents/teachers?# Theyre great. #4) What do you often do when its hot in summer?# I often go swimming. #5) Wha

    428、t do you often do on New Years Day?# I often play with my family members. #6) What do you usually do when youre flee?# I do some reading/shopping. #7) What do you want to be when you grow up?# A teacher #8) What time do you usually have sports?# After school:# #9) What can we do to improve our envir

    429、onmen;i:19;s:12853:DeutschDEUTSCHENGLISCH中中 文文1:#1-Zeichung1:#1-Drawing1:#1-制图AAAAbarbeitungwork off加工,完成工作abbindentie v系,绑Abbinderspot-tape胶带Abdeckkappecovering cap罩子abgerissentorn off撕开,扯掉Abgreifklemmetab clamp小铁夹Abgrenzungdelimiting为定界,划界Abgrifftap分支线abhngig(von)depending(on)取决于,因而定,靠,凭Abhngigkei

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    432、ablegenlay down v放下ablieferndeliver v递送,投递Abmantelmaschinestripping machine剥线皮机abmantelnpull sheath off v拉下外皮Seite 2DeutschAbmessungdimensions规模,范围abpackento pack包装abrollenunroll v打开,铺开;#展开abrundenround off v取整数,使成圆形Abstellmanahmecorrective action改正措施abstimmen take a vote商定Abstimmungvote商定Abteilungd

    433、epartment部门Abweichungdeviation误差/偏差Abwesenheitszeitabsence time缺席时间abwinkelnbend弄弯,使弯曲abwinkeln (z.B.Blech)bend v弄弯,使弯曲abzhlencount v计数,计算abziehenpull off v拉下,拉开abziehen(Leitungsmantel)pull sheath off v拉下外皮Abziehwertpull out value拉开值Abzug,Abzugs-.pull-off拉力Achtungattention注意,留心Seite 3DeutschAder (ei

    434、ner Leitung)lead细线hnlichsimilar近似的,相似的Akkordpiece work计件Akkordarbeitpiece work计件工作Akkordlohnpiece work wage计件薪酬aktualisierenupdate v更新allgemeinesgeneral一般的,综合的anbringenadd,attach v添加/安装ndernalter v更改ndernchange v改变ndernmodify v变更nderungsdienstchange management变更管理工作nderungsmitteilungenrevision form

    435、sheet变更通知nderungsstandrevision level变更状态Anforderungrequirement要求Anforderungsprofilprofil of job requirements工作要求Anfrageinquiry询价Angebotoffer提供;#提出Seite 4DeutschAngebotoffer提供;#提出Angebotquote;#quotation报价,开价Angestellteremployee员工Angulug浇铸Anhang (zu Unterlage,Dokument)attachment附件Anlagedevice设备,装置Anla

    436、geequipment设备Anlauf(einer Serienfertigung)launch开始,运行Anlieferdatumdelivery date运送日期Anlieferdatum/-zeit(Ist)delivery date/time(actual)运送日期(实际)Anliefertermindelivery date运送日期Anliefertermin/-zeit(Soll)delivery date/time(planned)运送日期(计划)anltensolder v锡焊;#焊接anpassenadjust v调整anschlagenterminate v中止Anschl

    437、agpressetermination press端子压接Anschlagteilterminal端子Anschlagteil-Bezeichnungterminal description端子描述Seite 5DeutschAnspruchdemand要求,请求Anwendungapplication应用Anwesenheitszeitattendance time出席时间Anzeigedisplay显示Arbeitjob工作Arbeiteroperator操作员Arbeiterzeitman time工时Arbeitgeberemployer雇主;#雇用者Arbeitnehmeremplo

    438、yee雇员Arbeitsablaufwork flow工作流程Arbeitsablaufschaubildflow process chart流程图Arbeitsanweisungwork instruction工作指南Arbeitsgang,-stufework step工作步骤Arbeitsgebiet(EDV)domain工作范围、领域Arbeitskartejob card工作卡Arbeitslosigkeitunemployment失业Arbeitsplatzworkplace工位Arbeitsplatzbeschreibung job descripition工位描述Seite 6

    439、DeutschArbeitssicherheitwork safety工作安全Arbeitstischworkbench工作台Arbeitsvorbereitung (AV)process planning工作准备Arbeitszeitworking time工作时间archivierento archive归档Artikelarticle物品;#制品Atomkleberultra-strong glue强力胶Aufgabetask工作任务Aufmerksamkeitattention注意,留心Aufnahmeadapter,fixture转接器,装置器aufrollenroll up v卷捆

    440、,卷起aufspannenclamp v钳,夹子Auftaktungassembly line balance总装线节拍Auftragorder(commission)任务;#职权,订单aufweitenexpand v展开,张开Aufweitrohrexpansion tube伸展管Aufweitungexpansion张开,伸展aufziehen(z.B.Dichtung)pull up (e.g.seal)v拨去Seite 7Deutschausdehnenexpand v展开,张开Ausdruck print-out打印Auslauftrompetebell mouth(front)离

    441、去端口(前)auslegenlay out v布局;#设计Ausnutzungutilization利用;#效用Ausschuscrap废料Auenschirmouter shield外罩uere Verpackungouter packaging外包装aussteckenunplug v拔出Aussteckwerkzeugrelease tool取出工具Ausstellungexhibition陈列,展览Ausstellungsdatum (z.B.eines Schriftstckes)date issued下达日期Aus-und Weiterbildung education培训Ausw

    442、ahlselection选择Auswertungevaluation估价,评价Auswirkungeffect影响,效果Auswirkung aufeffect on对.的影响Ausziehkraftpull force拉力Seite 8DeutschAusziehkraftprfungpull force test拉力测试Ausziehwertpull force value拉力测试值BBB Barcodebarcode条形码Barcode-Erfassungbarcode recording条形码纪录Barcode-Lesepistolebarcode scanner条形码扫描器Baubr

    443、ettassembly board组装板Baugruppestructural component结构元件Bauprfbrettassembly test board组装测试板Baureiheseries系列bearbeitet vondone by由完成Bedarfdemand要求,需求Bedarfsanforderungrequisition要求,请求,命令bedenkenconsider v考虑,认为Bedienungsanleitungmanual手册;#说明书bedruckenmarking/emboss标记/印花befestigtfixed已固定的Behlterbox盒子Seite

    444、 9DeutschBehltercontainer容器beidhndigwith both hands用双手beidseitigon both sides在两边Belastungstress压力beleglose Kommissionierungpaperless picking无纸扫描备料Belegmengelot size/lot quantity批量Bemerkungennotes备注Bemerkungenremarks备注Berechnungcalculation计算Bereicharea领域,范围Bereitstellungstaging备料Bereitstellungswagent

    445、rolley备料车Berichtreport报告,汇报beschdigendamage v损害,损伤Beschaffungprocurement采购Beschichtungcoating涂层Beschreibungdescription描述Beschriftungmarking标记Seite 10DeutschBesonderheitspeciality特性,特质Besprechungconference会议Besprechungmeeting会议Besprechungmeeting会议Besprechungszimmerconference room会议室Bestand stock库存Bes

    446、tand vonstock of.的库存Bestandteilcomponent元件,部件besttigenconfirm v确认Bestellnummerpurchase order-number采购单号Bestellungpurchase order采购单bestimmt sein fr.to be intended for 打算做Bestimmungsortdestination,(point of.)目的地,目标bestckenassemble v组装Betriebsdatenerfassungplant data collection工厂数据收集Betriebsleiterplant

    447、 manager工厂经理Betriebsmittelequipment,machine设备,机器Betriebsmittel-Nr.equiment number设备号Seite 11DeutschBetriebstemperaturoperating temperature工作温度bevorzugtpreffered偏好的beweisenverify v验证;#校准Bezeichnungname名称beziehungsweiserespectively,resp.各自,以及Bezugsmareference dimension参考尺寸biegenbend v弄弯,使弯曲Bildschirms

    448、creen屏幕Bildschirmanzeigedisplay显示器Bildungeducation教育bisuntil;#for numbers:#to,up to直到blaublue蓝色Blindleitungdummy wire仿真线Blindstopfendummy plug盲堵blockierenblock v堵塞Bodenground地面,底braunbrown棕色Breite width宽度Seite 12DeutschBronzebronze铜Bruttolohngross wage税前工资Buchsengehusefemale socket凹插口Buchsenkontakts

    449、ocket terminal凹形端子Buchung,Verbuchungbooking登记bndelnbundle v包,捆Brstebrush刷子CCcirca,ca.approximately,appr.近似,约计Clipsesplice卡子clipsensplice v捻,绞Codierungcode代码Crimpbereichcrimping area压接部分Crimphandzangecrimp tool,crimping-plier压接工具,压接钳Crimphhecrimping hight压接高度Crimpprfungcrimp test压接测试Crimpungcrimping压

    450、接DDSeite 13DeutschDatenverarbeitungdata processing数据处理Datumdate日期Deckellid盖子Demontagedisassembly拆卸,分解Dichtungseal密封圈Diodediode二极管Direktlieferungdirect delievery直接送货Direkttransportdirect transport直接运输disponierenplan计划Dokumentationdocumentation文件Doppelanschlagdouble terminal双端子Drahtcrimpbreite(DCB)con

    451、ductor crimp width(CCW)导线压接部分宽度Drahtcrimphhe(DCH)conductor crimp height(CCH)导线压接部分高度Drahtdurchmesserwire barrel 线直径Druckluftcompressed air压缩空气durchgefhrt vondone by由完成Durchmesserdiameter直径Durchschnittaverage平均的Seite 14Deutschdynamischdynamic(ally)动能的EEEDVIT信息技术EDVIT信息技术Eilserierush series紧急系列einadri

    452、ge Leitungsingle wire单线Einbauinstallation安装Eindrckhilfeinsertion aid辅助接插工具einen Termin einhaltento meet a deadline遵守期限einfachsimple简单Einflugreinfluential parameter影响参数einfgen,einfhreninsert v插入einfhrenimplement v实施Eingabeinput输入eingeritztscratched-in抓入,刻入Eingriffsgrenzenlimit of action动作局限Einkommeni

    453、ncome收入,所得Einlauftrompetebell mouth(back)导入端口(后)Seite 15DeutschEinsatzmglichkeitusage用损,使用度Einsteckwerkzeugplug-in tool插入工具einstellen,Einstellung(techn.)adjust,adjustment调整,调试Einstufungclassification分类einteiliges Gehuseone-piece connector单个插槽Einwegverpackungdisposable packaging一次性包装Einzeladerabdicht

    454、ungsingle lead seal单项密封圈Einzelarbeitsingle operation单独操作einzelnseparately分开地einzelnsingle单独的einzelne Materialienindividual materials具体材料Einzelteileloose pieces单个部件,具体部件Elekrischer Antriebelektric drive电驱动elektr.Funktionsprfungelectrical test电性能测试Endkontrollefinal control终端控制Endlngefinal measure最终长度E

    455、ndtermindead line截止时间,期限Engpa(-situation)shortage短缺,瓶颈Seite 16Deutschentfernenremove v去除,移动Entriegelungswerkzeugunlock tool解锁工具Entwicklungdevelopment研发Ereignisevent事件erfordernrequire v需要erhhenincrease v增长Erhhungincrease增加Ermittlungdetermination算出/查清 Ersatzreplacement替代件Ersatzteilespare parts备件ersetz

    456、enreplace更换Erstmusterauftraginitial sample request最初样品需求Etatbudget预算Etikettlabel标签EtikettenabrollerLabel dispender标签卷FFFabrikplant工厂Facharbeiterskilled worker技工Seite 17DeutschFachmesseexhibition展示,展览Fahrttrip允许运动区域 fahrzeugbezogene Abrufecar related calls汽车相关要求Fahrzeugbordnetzvehicle wiring system车辆

    457、线束系统Farbecolor,colour颜色Fehlerdefect缺陷Fehlercodeerror code错误代码Fehlermglichkeits-und Einfluanalyse (FMEA)failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)错误模式和影响分析Fehlmengemissing quantity/shortage/deficit不见的数量/缺少数量/缺陷数量Fehlteilmissing part不见的部分/缺少部分Fertig Produktfinished product成品Fertigproduktnummerfinished p

    458、roduct number成品号Fertigteillagerfinished pruduct warehouse成品备件库Fertigung production生产Fertigungs-/Produktionsminutenproduction minutes生产时间Fertigungsbereichproduction area生产区域Fertigungsgruppenfreigabebatch release成批放行Fertigungspaket/-gruppebatch批Seite 18DeutschFertigungsprozessproduction process 成产过程Fe

    459、rtigungsschrittoperating step操作步骤Fertigungsstandortproduction location生产地点Fertigungssteuerungscheduling生产控制Fertigungszeitproduction time生产时间Feuerlscherfire-extinguisher灭火器Firmacompany公司Firmennamename of a company公司名称Flachsteckerblade terminal片形端子Fliebandassembly line装配线Fliebandconveyor-belt/assembly

    460、 line传送带flssigfluid流体Fnhot air gun热风枪Formbrettbauassembly board construction组装板建设Forschungresearch研究Frachtfreight运费Frachtbehltercargo units运输容器Frsmaschinemilling machine铣床Seite 19DeutschFreigaberelease放行Freigabedatumrelease date放行日期freigegeben vonreleased by放行人Fuhrparkfleet车队Fhrungsstilstyle of lead

    461、ership领导方式GGGarniturset套gebundentied捆绑Gefahrgutdangerous goods危险品Geflechtsschlauchbraided sleeve编织的套管geflochtenbraided编织的Gehaltsalary薪水,薪金Gehuseconnector插槽Gehusehousing轴箱Gehuse steckenblock connector插接线槽Gehuse veriegelnlock connector锁槽Gehusekammercavity插槽插孔Gehusemontageconnector assembly插槽组装Seite 20DeutschGehusezubehrconnector accessories插槽零件gelbyellow黄gemaccording to根据geprftapproved已批准的geprft vonchecked by检查人gerade schneidencut str;


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