1、语法结构知识点语法结构知识点1. 非谓语动词 不定式 to+动词原形 分词： 现在分词 ing 【表主动】 过去分词 ed 【表被动】【注意：过去分词无时态、语态变化】 动名词 v.-ing【区别下列动词动名词与不定式】1) Stop doing停下正在做的事情 / to do停下来，去做另外一件事情2) Go on doing继续做正在做的事情 / to do继续，去做另外一件事情3) Remember doing记得（已经）做了某事 / to do记得（要）去做【尚未做的】某事4) Forget doing忘记（已经）做了某事 / to do 忘记（要）去做【尚未做的】某事5) Regre
2、t doing对已做之事感到后悔/ to do 对未做之事感到遗憾6) Cant help doing情不自禁做某事/to do不能帮助做某事7) Learn doing学会做某事/ to do学着去做某事8) Try doing尝试做某事/ to do尽力去做某事 （人）used to do 过去常常做某事（而现在不再） （人）be used to doing 习惯于做某事=be accustomed to doing （物）be used to do 被用于做某事【动名词和现在分词形似，都以v+-ing构成，但两者做定语时意义有区别，注意：】分词具有形容词(adj.)和副词(adv.)的特
3、征；动名词具有名词(n.)的特征。现在分词作定语时，表达“n.+ for doing”的含义动名词作定语时，表达“n. + which (who) be doing”的含义 a sleeping car = a car for sleeping用于睡觉的车 a car which is sleeping“一辆正在睡觉的车” a sleeping dog = a dog which is sleeping一只正在睡觉的狗 a dog for sleeping“一只用于睡觉的狗”【注意have的四种机构：】 have sth. to do 有某事要做 I have a lot of things
4、to do.我有好多事情要做。 have sth. done 使某事被做 I have my car repaired.我让人把我的车修好了。 have sth. doing 让某事一直做着 Dont have the water tap running.别让水龙头一直滴着。 have sb. do sth.使某人做某事 He has her buy him a car.他让她给他买辆车。2. 动词的时态和语态 动词时态共16种，常用9种：1) 一般现在时 （用动词原形，第三人称单数+-(e)s，be动词变化形式为is, am, are）2) 一般过去时 （用动词过去式）3) 一般将来时 （用
5、will(shall) +动词原形【shall常用于第一人称】 或者 be going to +动词原形，be +不定式 表示“即将发生的事情或必须去做的事情”）4) 现在进行时 （be + 动词-ing）5) 过去进行时 （was/were + 动词-ing）6) 现在完成时 （have/has + 动词过去分词）7) 过去完成时 （had + 动词过去分词）8) 将来完成时 （will(shall) +have +动词过去分词）9) 现在完成进行时 （have/has + been +动词-ing） 动词语态分2种：10) 主动 （表示主语是动作的执行者）11) 被动 （表示主语是动作的承
6、受者）【注意：一般说来，只有及物动词(vt.)才有被动语态，不及物动词(vi.) 及状态词无被动语态；但少数vt.如have, leave, become, cost, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等以及短语动词take place, lose heart, break out, belong to, consist of等，一般不能用于被动语态】【主动形式表“被动意义”：】a) 某些系动词taste, feel, look, smell, sound, prove等与形容词连用时The fish tastes good.这鱼（尝起来）味道很好。You l
7、ook beautiful.你看起来很漂亮。b) 某些不及物动词sell, wash, read, write, wear, play等与副词well, easily等连用时This product sells well.该产品卖得很好/销路很好/很畅销。The cloth washes easily.这种布（料）很容易清洗/这种布清洗方便。c) 某些不及物动词open, shut, start, act, keep, move等与cant, wont, doesnt等连用时The door wont shut.这门关不上。The library doesnt open on Sunday.图
8、书馆周日不开门。3. 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、建议、推测，或与事实相反的假设。3.1 非真实条件句【所假设的条件与事实相反，或现实的可能性较小】条件从句（时态从现实角度往后退一步）主句表示与现在事实相反的情况动词过去式（be动词过去式用were）would(could, should, might) +动词原形表示与过去事实相反的情况had + 动词过去分词would(could, should, might) +have+动词过去分词表示将来不（太）可能实现的情况should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形动词过去式would(could, should, might)
9、+动词原形3.1.1 表示与现在事实相反的情况a) If I were you, I could reconsider his proposal.b) If I were rich, I would buy anything you wanted.c) If you didnt stay up late so often, you wouldnt feel so sleepy.3.1.2 表示与过去事实相反的情况a) I should have met her if I had come earlier.b) She would have come if she had had time.c)
10、 If you had worked harder, you would have got better marks. 3.1.3 表示将来不（太）可能实现的情况a) If I were to do it, I would do it better.b) If she could come, I would tell her the news.3.2 混合时间的虚拟条件句如果从句和主句表示的时间不一致，动词的形式可按照各自的实际时态表示。a) If I were you（对现在的虚拟）, I would have accepted their offer then（对过去的虚拟）. b) If
11、 he had the operations two years ago（对过去的虚拟）, he would be in better health now（对现在的虚拟）.3.3 省去if的虚拟条件句那动词或助动词were, had, should置于主语之前构成倒装句，常用于书面语，可以省略if。a) Had he recognized (=If he had recognized) me, he would have come over.如果他当时认出我了，他就该走过来了。b) Should he fail (=If he should fail) to come, I would wo
12、rk in his place.如果他来不了，我会代替他的位置。c) Were it not for your help (=If it were not for your help), we would be in a very difficult position.如果不是你帮忙，我们将处境困难。3.4 含蓄条件句a) Without air there would be no life on the earth.=If there were no air, there would be no life on the earth.b) But for (=If it had not bee
13、n for) your help, we wouldnt have succeeded.c) He ran away, otherwise he would have been killed. =If he had not run away, he would have been killed.3.5 其他用法3.5.1 省去结果主句的非真实条件句，常表示一种不可实现的愿望，用if only引导If only I could speak several foreign language.如果我能说几门外语该多好啊！3.5.2 动词wish后的宾语从句，表示未实现或不可能实现的主观愿望a) I
14、wish you were a fish in my dish.真希望你是我碟子里的鱼！b) I wish I were as young as you are.真希望我跟你们一样年轻。c) I wish it were Sunday today.今天是周日就好了。d) I wished I hadnt made that mistake (then). 如果我当时没有犯那个错误就好了。e) We wish we could fly in the sky without wings. 希望我们能没有翅膀也能在天上飞。3.5.3 as if(though)引导方式状语从句，表示与实际情况相反【主
15、句时态不影响从句虚拟式】He orders/ordered me as if I were his servant. 他对我发号施令，好像我就是他佣人。3.5.4 would rather/sooner后的宾语从句，谓语动词用过去式表示对现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望。a) He would rather I went now. 他宁愿我现在走。b) I would rather you had left yesterday. 我宁愿你昨天就走了。3.5.5 It is (about/high) time + that 从句，表示婉转的提议或建议，谓语动词用过去式（be
16、动词用were）a) It is high time you told the truth. 你该说实话了。b) It is time the children went to bed.孩子们该睡觉了。3.5.6 demand, suggest, insist, order, propose, require, request, command, recommend, decide, ask等动词的宾语从句，表示建议、要求、命令等。从句的谓语动词用should（用于所有人称）+动词原形，should往往省略。I suggested that a meeting (should) be held
17、 at once.我建议立刻召开会议。3.5.7 suggestion, proposal, order, instruction, advice, request, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句：谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省略。My request is that you (should) pay attention to the grammar. 我的要求是你们要注意语法。3.5.8 含有下列形容词、过去分词引出的主语从句，谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省略： necessary, important, imperative （必要的，
18、比necessary程度重一点）, essential （重要的）, advisable（值得建议的）, strange, desirable （合乎需要的）, vital （极其重要的）, ordered, suggested, decided, arranged, proposed, recommended, demanded等。a) It is important that we (should) learn English well.b) It is requested that several students (should) be sent there.要求派几个学生过去那儿。4
19、. 情态动词（Modal Verbs，简称M.V.）【主要考察 M.V.+have done表示对过去行为的判断和推测】can/ could/ may/ might/ would/ should/ ought to/ need/+have done4.1 在虚拟语气中的用法 4.1.1should have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构 shouldnt have done 表示 “过去本不该做某事却做了。” 4.1.2 ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构 oughtnt to have done 表示 “过去本不该做某事却
20、做了。” 4.1.3 need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。”其否定结构 neednt have done 表示 “过去本没必要做某事却做了。” 4.1.4 could (不能用 can) have done 表示“过去本能够做某事却未做。”注意：其否定形式 couldnt have done 没有虚拟语气的用法，couldnt have done 只能表推测，相当于 cant have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。”4.1.5 might (不能用 may) have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。” 注意：其否定形式 might not have
21、 done 没有虚拟语气的用法，might not have done 只能表推测，相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。” 4.1.6 would have done 表示 “本来会做某事却未做”。其否定结构wouldnt have done表示“本来不会做某事却做了”。4.2 表示推测的用法 4.2.1 must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，译为：过去肯定做了某事。不存在 mustnt have done 的形式。其否定或疑问形式须用 cant/ couldnt have done 来表示. a) Since the road is we
22、t, it must have rained last night. 既然路是湿的，那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。 b) He cant have missed the way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路。我（当时）给他画了张图。 c) “The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 词典不见了，（过去）谁可能把它拿走了？ 4.2.2 may / might have done 表示“过去可能做了某事”。may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。may/might not have done表示
23、“过去可能没有做某事。”a) I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把他们落在学校了。 b) John may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very sad.约翰可能没有通过考试。他看起来很忧伤。 【注意：may/might have done表推测不能用于疑问句中。 】4.2.3 can/could have done 表推测一般用在否定句和疑问句中，表示不相信或怀疑的态度。 a) Can/Coul
24、d he have passed the exam? 他可能通过了考试吗？ b) I think that he couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我认为他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。 【注】表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must could may mighta) “I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” 我想知道汤姆是怎么知道你的过去的。b) “He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mar
25、y.” 他肯定/很可能/可能/兴许（没准儿）已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。5. 倒装句倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装倒装全部倒装将谓语部分全部提到主语之前部分倒装将谓语中的助动词(do/does/did等)和情态动词移至主语之前1) 当here, there, then, now等副词位于句首，谓语动词为be, come, fall, go, lie, stand等时，句子一般全部倒装：a) Here you are.b) There seems to be some misunderstanding between us.c) Now comes your turn.d) Then came wind
26、 and frost.2) 当表示程度的副词和含有否定意义的词（no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until等）放在句首时，句子一般要部分倒装。【如句中谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do/does/did，并将其置于主语之前】a) So loudly did the students play the music that people could hear it out in the street.【正常语序：The students play the music so loudly
27、 that people could hear it out in the street.】b) Never have I seen her since that day.【若否定词不在句首，则不需倒装 I have never seen her since day.】c) Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.【陈述语序：the students didnt stop talking until the teacher came in.】Not until next week will the sports m
28、eet be held.【陈述语序：The sports meet will not be held until next week.】【强调结构：it is not until next week will that the sports meet will be held.】Not only词语but also词语分句1（部分倒装）分句2（陈述语序）不但而且Hardly/scarcely分句1（部分倒装）【过去完成时】when分句2（陈述语序）【过去时】No sooner分句1（部分倒装）【过去完成时】than分句2（陈述语序）【过去时】一.就 3) 在省略if的虚拟语气中，把were,
29、had, should放在主语之前，部分倒装a) Had he recognized (=If he had recognized) me, he would have come over.如果他当时认出我了，他就该走过来了。b) Should he fail (=If he should fail) to come, I would work in his place.如果他来不了，我会代替他的位置。c) Were it not for your help (=If it were not for your help), we would be in a very difficult pos
30、ition.如果不是你帮忙，我们将处境困难。4) as, though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装语序，把形容词和副词等放在句首n.（名词）as / though主语动词adj.（形容词）adv.（副词）v.（动词原形）分词a) King as he was, he was unhappy. 名词【陈述语序：He was unhappy as/though he was a/ the king.变成倒装时，冠词去掉】b) Successful as he is, he is not happy.形容词c) Much as I like Paris, I cant live there.副词d)
31、Hard though they tried, they couldnt make her change her mind.副词e) Try as he might, he couldnt solve the problem. 动词f) Raining hard as it is, Im going out for a walk.分词6. 强调句 It is/was + 被强调部分 +that/who/whom +剩余部分【当被强调部分为人且做主语时，用who或者that】【当被强调部分为人且做宾语时，用whom或者that】【其他情况，引导词一律用that】7. 反义疑问句 陈述句谓语用肯定形式，疑问句谓语用否定形式 陈述句谓语用否定形式，疑问句谓语用肯定形式特殊情况：1) 当陈述句的动词是表示愿望的wish时，反义疑问句的疑问部分用mayI wish to go shoppi
