1、谢孟媛初级文法讲义笔记 修复的谢孟媛英文初级文法 第 1集 笔记Unit1 名词名词的功用：当主语，补语，宾语1. 名词的种类 (单数/复数)例： I like dogs. 我喜欢狗。普通名词：book / pencil/ dog/ spaceship宇宙飞船集合名词：class / family/ audience 听众例1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。 2. My family are all early risers. 我家人都起的很早. 专用名词：Bob/ Smith/ April/ London. 专用名词前不能加冠词，不加s下面的专用名词需要加上定冠
2、词例: The United States 美国 The United Nations .联合国物质名词： glass/ wood/ paper/ butter/ fruit 数字 容器（度量衡） of 物质名词例: a loaf of bread 一片面包 loaves of bread 很多面包 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡a sheet of paper. 一张纸 two sheets of paper两张纸 a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖抽象名词：beauty美丽 / honesty诚实/ love爱/ patience 耐心/ happiness 幸福/
3、music 音乐2. 名词的数 - 单数：个数为1 复数：个数为2及以上规则变化的复数名词名词字尾+s ,大部分名词例： dog-dogs book -books girl - girls 名词字尾为s/sh/ch/x/o 复数名词 es 如: classes, buses, dishes, benches, boxes, dishes注意名词字尾为子音o, 复数名词es 如 tomatoes 但是也有例外的 如 photo- photos Piano-pianos 名词字尾为子音y, 复数名词要去y ies 如 baby-babies story-stories city-cities la
4、dy-ladies 名词字尾为f 或fe 去 f/fe ves如： leaf叶 - leaves knife - knives wife - wives 也有例外: handkerchiefs 手帕 chiefs 首领，领袖 roofs 屋顶不规则变化的复数名词名词字尾 加 en / ren 如 Ox -oxen , child- children改变母音，如： man-men / woman - women / goose-geese 鹅 / tooth-teeth / mouse-mice 单复数同形， 如： fish , deer, sheep chineses japanese one
5、 fish / two fish a kind of fish 一种鱼 two kinds of fishes 两种鱼3. 名词的所有格形成 ：单数名词 = 名词s 例: the boys schoolbag / Joans dress复数名词 = 名词s 例: a girls school / these students teacher字尾非s 的复数名词 = 名词s 例如 childrens playground操场特别注意的所有格用法 : 共同所有格及个别所有格共同所有格 - 名词 名词 名词s个别所有格 - 名词s 名词s 名词s 例1. Harry and Bills father
6、 is a scientist. Harry 和Bill 的爸爸是个科学家。例2. Harrys and Bills fathers are scientists. Harry 的爸爸和Bill 的爸爸是科学家.（无）生物所有格: A 的 B = B of A 如: 桌子的脚 the legs of the table 车门 the door of the car 女孩子的名字 the girls name = the name of the girl所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略。例1. Shes going to the dentists (office). 她要去看牙医。
7、(office可以省略, dentists office牙医诊所)例2 I met him at the barbers（shop）我在理发店遇见他。(shop可以省略, barbers shop 理发店)例3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds （restaurant） 我们在麦当劳吃午餐。4. 冠词不定冠词（没有限定，表数量为一）: a / an定冠the, 它通常放在名词前/形容词+名词前用来修饰名词。a/ an 的用法 子音开头的单数用 a 母音开头的单数用 an (元音有5个，分别是a e i o u)如 a book a girl a young
8、a man an apple/ an umbrella/ an old womana/ an 的发音 I read a novel, 我读一本小说I read a novel, not two. （这里a发音, 表示强调）the 的用法-子音前的读 e?，母音前读ei 例： Please shut the door. 请把那扇门关上 （特指一定要加the ）The+形容词，常表示一群人 The rich arent always happy. 富人并不总是快乐的。 The rich有钱人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人Until 2 be动词 一般动词的现在时1. be 动词
9、的现在时am are is / 表状态，存在例：1. We are happy. 2. She is in America. 主语 be 动词第一人称 I+am 例： I am a boy. 第二人称 you they 复数名词are 例： You are my son. 你们是我的儿子。第三人称的单数+ is 例： He is my student. Be 动词的否定句 - am/ are / is notHe is not a good baseball player. = He isnt a good baseball player. Be动词的疑问句 - 肯定句: 主语 am/ are
10、 /is .疑问句: am / are / is 主语?例： That is his camera. 肯定句Is that his camera? 疑问句The girl is a junior high school student. 这个女孩是中学生。 Senior high school. 高中生 （肯定句）Is the girl a junior high school student? 疑问句Be 动词开头的疑问句可用yes 或 no 回答Is that man your math teacher？ 那个男人是你的说学老师吗？ Yes，he is. / No, he isnt. Ar
11、e you eating your lunch? 你吃中午饭了吗？ Yes, I am. / No, Im not.主语 一般动词-现在时中主语为第三人称单数时：一般动词s 或es例: I like dogs. / We like dogs. You like dogs. / You like dogs. He likes dogs. 第三人称单数s 一般动词加s或es的方法1. 大部分动词加s - 如: works, plays A. 一般动词字尾为o .s .sh. ch. 时, + es-如: goes/ washes/ watches B. 一般动词字尾音为y 时, 去y+ ies -
12、如: cry-cries/ study-studies have 和has -have （有/吃的意思）单数动词为has 例1. They have a lot of money. 他们有很多钱。例2. He has a lot of money. 他有很多钱.。 第三人称单数用has一般动词的否定句 - 不可在一般动词后加 not 必须用助动词 do / does Do 用于主语为 I / you / 复数Does 用于主语为第三人称单数否定句主语 do/ does not 原形动词例1. The twin brothers go to school by bus.这对双胞胎是乘公交车上学的
13、。否定: The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. （do not 可缩写成 dont, 后接动词原形）2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. Sam 在那家餐厅吃晚餐。否定：Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant.比较 - 否定句be动词， 肯定句：He is my boyfriend. 否定句：He isnt my boyfriend.一般动词，肯定句：He likes dogs. 否定句：He doesnt like dogs.一般动词的疑问句 - 不能将一般动词
14、放在主语前，必须用助动词do/ does 疑问句： Do / Does 主语 原形动词例1. You visit your grandmother on Sunday.疑问句：Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday? 你每逢星期天去看你的外婆吗例2. He comes from England. 疑问句: Does he come from England? 他是来自英国吗？助动词do/ does 开头的疑问句回答用yes/no之后用do/ does 回答例: Does the little boy go to school? 这个小男孩已经上学了吗？Y
15、es, he does. / No, he doesnt. 比较 - 疑问句be动词, 肯定句： She is beautiful. 疑问句： Is she beautiful?一般动词，肯定句： She loves tennis. 疑问句： Does she love tennis?Unilt 3 be 动词/一般动词的过去式1. be 动词的过去式 was / were am/ iswas are=were 过去式的be 动词，表示过去时间中发生的状态例1. 现在式 He is busy now. 例2. 过去式 He was busy then. 那时他很忙。时间副词改变，动词也必须改变
16、例1.现在式 My parents are at home now. 我的父母现在在家。例2.过去式My parents were at home yesterday. 我的父母昨天在家Be动词(过去式)的否定句 - 主语 was / were not 例1. 肯定句： Mr. Brown was a vet. 否定句： Mr. Brown wasnt a vet. vet兽医例2. 肯定句：Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time. 否定句： Joe and Brian werent in the living room at th
17、at time.Be动词(过去式)的疑问句 Was / Were 主语?例 1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. Wendy去年就读7年级。疑问句： Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year?答句: Yes, 主语+was/were 现在进行式am/are/is+ Ving No, 主语+was/were not 过去进行式was/were+ Ving例 2. Were you a pianist? piano 钢琴 pianist钢琴家 Yes, I was. / No. I wasnt 2. 一般动
18、词的过去式 - 规则变化/ 不规则变化规则变化- ed d ied 原形动词字尾ed 如：helped spelled wanted needed worked ed的发音t/d, 字尾是t+ed念ed原形动词字尾有ed 如：love-loved dance-danced 字尾是d+ed念ed原形动词为子音短母音子音, 重复字尾+ed 如 stopped planned (计划)原形动词为子音有y, 去y +ied 如: studystudied crycried 现在式：原形动词为子音有y去y 加ies形容词比较级：原形动词为子音有y去y加ier形成比较级 happy- happier不规则
19、变化 如： eat - ate / read - read 写法一样 读音不同 / write - wrote / ride - rode come - came / have - had / see - saw seesaw跷跷板 / go - went / teach - taught give - gave / take - took gh一起在词中间，不发音现在式： I walk to school every day.过去式： I walked to school yesterday.动词随着时间改变形态(时态)Mother goes to a supermarket every m
20、orning .妈妈每天早上去超市。过去式： Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning .妈妈昨天早上去超市了。主语为第三人称单数过去式动词不需加s. 过去式是不分人称的一般动词（过去式）的否定句 - 需用助动词 Did 不分人称与单复数,都是did （现在式Do/Does）肯定句： 主语 + 一般动词过去式否定句： 主语 + did not 动词原形例 1. He called you last night 他昨天打给你电话了否定： He didint call you last night. 他昨天没有给你打电话。例 2. My sist
21、er and I watched TV all day yesterday .我的姐姐和我昨天一整天都在看电视。否定： My sister and I didnt watch TV all day yesterday 我和我的姐姐昨天并非一整天都在看电视。not all 并非全部 比较： 否定句 （过去式）Be 动词 - She was at home. She wasnt at home.一般动词 - She studied English. She didnt study English.一般动词的疑问句 （过去式）肯定句：主语 一般动词过去式疑问句： Did 主语 一般动词原形？例如1.
22、 His friends went to that movie last week. 他的朋友们上周去看电影了。疑问句： Did his friends go to that movie last week？例如2. Grace wrote a letter to David. Grace给David 写了一封信。疑问句： Did Grace write a letter to David ?Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. 疑问句比较（过去式）- Be动词 VS 一般动词Be 动词 - He was sick. sick是形容词，表状态，原形与过去式一样疑问句：
23、Was he sick? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt. 一般动词 - He did his homework. did 是一般动词do 的过去式， do homework写作业 疑问句： Did he do his homework? Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.注意: do/does 现在式 did 过去式这三个字母都有俩种身份：1. 它可以当一般动词：“做”的意思2. 它也是助动词原形动词区分办法： 用作助动词时，后面一定会有一个原形动词.代名词1. 人称代名词人称/格主 格所 有 格受 格主 格所 有 格受 格第一人称Imymewe
24、ourus第二人称youyouryouyouyouryou第三人称hesheitHisHeritsHimHerittheytheirthem主格，所有格， 受格（宾语）的用法主格动词 如： He likes sports. 所有格名词 如: His friends are over there. 他的朋友们都在那里。 一般动词宾语/ 介系词 如: The girl loves him very much. 这个女孩非常爱他。例1. Who is it? 你是谁啊？（没有看见的时候问的, 有人敲门的时候可以这么问） Its I. Its me 这个用的人多。Who is this? 打电话的时候
25、可以这么问，你是谁啊?【It】的用法It 可表示 天候 时间 距离例1. It rains a lot of in taipiei in spring. 在春天的台北下很多雨。例2. It was two oclock when he came back. 当他回到家时是 2点钟了。例3. Its five kilometers from here to the airport. 从这里到机场有5公里。It 可表示某一状况 - 多半是说话人及听的人都能了解的特定状况。例1. Who knocked at the door? 谁在敲门？回答：I thought it was Jack .我认为是
26、Jack.例2. Its all up to you. 一切由你决定.例3. I like it here. 我喜欢这里，例4. I dont feel like it. 我不想。It 可当假主语 - 代替事件例1. Its difficult to learn spanish.学习西班牙文很难。例2. Its important that you should tell the truth. 你说实话是很重要的。例3. Its no use telling him about it .告诉他这个也是没有用的。 Its no use 是没有用的We / You / They的特别的用法例1.
27、We had a heavy rain yesderday. 昨天下了一场大雨。 We 是所在的地点。例2. You dont see many Chinese there. 在那里看不到很多中国人。例?3. They speak English in Canada. 加拿大人说英文。所有代名词所有代名词的形式人称/格所 有 格所有代名词所 有 格所有代名词第一人称mymine我的ourours 第二人称youryours youryours 第三人称his her its his hers itstheirTheirs 所有代名词的用法所有格 名词例1. Your house is bigg
28、er than (my house). 把my house省略用mine代替 Your house is bigger than mine. mine 是所有代名词例2. My bicycles are here and his. (his bicycles省略) are there. 我的自行车在这里， 他的自行车在那里。例3. I met one of my old friends on the way home .回家的路上遇见了我的老朋友。= I met an old friend of my friends on the way home. (my friends省略用mine代替)
29、.= I met an old friend of mine on the way home.名词的所有代名词 - 所有格例: My dog is black and Jasans is white. 我的狗是黑色的，Jasans 是白的。反身代名词 - 反身代名词的形式?的自己就是反身代名词第一人称/第二人称的所有格 Self 第三人称的受格 Self selfish 自私的 Selves Selves 人称单数用self复数的用selves第一人称用所有格myself（我自己）ourselves 第二人称用所有格yourself （你自己）yourselves 第三人称用受格himself herself itself（他自己）theirselves 反身代名词的用法： 主语宾语对象相同的时候。例1. You always talk to yourself. 你总是自言自语。例2. The little girl hurt（过去式）herself. 这个小女孩受伤了。例3. He can do it by himself 他自己可以做这个事。= He himself can do it. (表示强调的) 例4. I saw the singer himself. 我看到了这个歌手本人了。指示代名
