1、While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5._communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6._Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, thro
2、ugh it cultural characteristics 7._are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._In a sense, cultures are
3、 the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9._another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._transmitted, and learned through communic
4、ation.2015年改错真题WhenIwasinmyearlyteens,takentoaspectacularshowonicebythemotheroffriend.Lookedroundatluxury 1. _rink,friendsremarked“plush”seatswehadbeengiven.didnotknowwhatshemeant,andbeingproud2._vocabulary,triedinferitsmeaningfromcontext.“Plush”clearlyintendedascomplimentary,positiveevaluation;that
5、3. _muchcouldtellittonevoiceSo4._starteduseword.Yes,replied,theycertainlyareplush,sorinkcostumesskaters,arentthey?Myverypolitecorrectme,buther5. _expressiongotwordquiteright.Oftencanindeedcontextroughlymeans,isfactwaywhichusuallyacquireboth6.newwordsmeaningsforfamiliarwords,speciallyour7.ownfirstlan
6、guage.Butsometimesneedask,shouldhaveaskedthisparticularlytrue 8._aspectforeignIfyoucontinuallysurrounded9_speakerslanguagelearning,askthemdirectly,oftenopportunitydoesexistlearnerEnglish.dictionariesdevelopedmendgap.10._2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquis
7、ition （SLA） emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions1._possessedmostattentionresearchersarea: 2._Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3._What i
8、s the explanation for the fact adults have 4._more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the 5._acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are
9、relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all6._the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an indivi
10、dual attempts to do 7._so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under8._focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving
11、, what psychological factors play a role in the learning9._or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10._2013年改错真题Psycho-linguisticsnamegivenstudypsychologicalprocessesinvolvedPsycholinguisticsunderstanding,produc
12、tionrememberinglanguage,henceconcernedwith listening,reading,speaking,writing,memoryOnereasonwhytakegrantedhappenseffortlessly,time,accurately. 3._Indeed,whenlistensomeoneorlookingpage,4._normallycannothelpunderstandit.Itonlyexceptionalcircumstancesmightbecomeaware5._complexityinvolved:ifsearching r
13、ememberit;relativecolleaguehasstroke 6._influencedtheirlanguage;observechild 7._trylearnsecondourselvesanadult;visuallyimpairedhearing-impairedmeetanyoneelse 8._whois.Asshallsee,alltheseexamples ofbecalled“languagecircumstances”revealgreatdealabouttheevolvedspeaking, listening,writingreading. 9._wer
14、eautomatic,also 10._carryoutcarefulexperimentsgethappening.2012年改错真题 Thecentralproblemtranslatingalwayswhethertranslateliterallyfreely.argumentgoingsinceleast 1._centuryB.C.Upbeginning19thcentury,manywritersfavoredcertainkind“free”translation:spirit,letter;senseword;messageratherform;mattermanner.Th
15、isrevolutionaryslogan 4._wantedtruthreadunderstood.Thenturnculturalanthropologysuggestedlinguisticbarriersinsuperable 6._entirelyproductculture,viewtranslationimpossible 7._gainedsomecurrency,withthat,attemptedall,must 8._as literalpossible.culminatedstatement 9._extreme“literalists”WalterBenjaminVladimirNobokov.theoretical:purposetranslation,naturereadership,typetext,discussed.Toooften,writer, translatorreaderimplicitlyidentifiedeachother.Now,changed,a
