1、Travelling around Asia, she is familiar with many countries cultures.The effect is devastating.过去分词 （过去分词其实有点象形容词）Students from disadvantaged families are not confident.Im interested in this language.补语I had my hair cut last week.Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.形容词（adjective）（形容词大部分情况下和现在分词、过
2、去分词差不多，充当定语、表语、宾补还有状语）The yellow sweater is mine.My sweater is yellow.I want to color the sweater yellow.I arrived home, hungry and cold.形容词如果前面加上 THE，这样又变成类似于名词的东西The new will replace the old.We should respect the old and love the young.副词（adverb）He was driving rather fast.介词的宾语I have got a gift fr
3、om abroad.We are behind in our plan.代词（pronoun）人称代词主语、宾语I like her, and I enjoy living with her.The one who broken the glass is her.Dont forget to reply to me by email.形容词性物主代词Your book is on the table.名词性物主代词Mine is on the shelf.I will take mine along with me today.of 连接的定语The book with a black cov
4、er is another one of mine.The book in the bag is hers.指示代词It/this/that is a lovely story.There is a problem about the computer , I will settle it.Who is that speaking?These/those cloths are old fashioned.介词（preposition） 虚词不能单独成为句子成分，一般以介宾短语的形式出现The story is about his own life.He told us the reason f
5、or being late.There is a new bridge across the river.We must bear the knowledge in mind.冠词的使用如果名词是可数名词选择 1： 复数Students have to study many subjects today.可数名词的复数如果前面加定冠词 THE，往往是特指The subjects he studied are related to law. （特指他所学的课程）选择 2：不定冠词English is an important subject.选择 3：定冠词 the（很多时候是特指）He bri
6、ngs a book wherever he goes. （他去哪里都带着书，可能是任何一本书）He brings the book wherever he goes. （是一本特定的书）选择 4：零冠词（可能是固定的搭配）Every student has the opportunity to go to college.如果名词是不可数名词零冠词Water is vital to life. （世界上的水都是重要的）定冠词 the（特指）The water in this lake is now polluted. （特指这个湖的水）主动被动主+不及物动词This problem exis
7、ts.无主+系动词+表语 This is a problem.主+及物动词+宾语I have finished this job.This job has been finished.主+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语This company has given me agood opportunity.I have been given a goodopportunity.主+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语His success has encouragedme to further my study.I have been encouraged tofurther my study.使用方法 自
8、己先翻译一下，对照准确的句子 记住句子中出现的词伙，熟悉其用法和语境 熟悉基本的句型，确保自己在不同语境下可以迅速选择和写出准确的单句 注意观察错误的句子，因为这些句子一般都是常见错误，可以提高你对语法错误的敏感 最后，如果有兴趣，可以通过复杂句的中文口头翻译一下，不仅熟悉这句话，也可以提高口语表达的能力NB： 基础差的同学经常会死背，那样是不会提高的。最好通过翻译提高语法（譬如说分析句子的成分，熟悉单词的词性）也有同学只是看或者抄，那也没效果，一定要自己写。 句子分析的简单例子语法学习在雅思写作里是很重要的。能够写出没有错误的句子（error-free sentences）是剑桥雅思的明确要
9、求。其实，即便我们中文也是如此，如果一个文章句子都不通顺，小错误很多，分数怎么可能会很高呢？很多同学说到语法就很害怕，因为以前中学六年大学四年都没搞懂的东西，如果现在搞懂，岂不是要过 10 年才能过雅思？其实，只是传统的教学方法太过注意一些不重要的细节，导致语法学习过分繁重。语法学习就两个部分：1 句子结构 2 语法错误。解决这两个其实就是 2-3 天的时间。我们首先说一下句子结构怎么学习。这个主要是两步。第一步：学习词性（譬如说名词、动词、形容词等词性），搞清楚这些词都是做什么成分的。第二步：学习单句和从句。我们现在通过一些简单的句子，稍微把一些常见的词性和句子结构过一下。（主+谓+宾）翻译
10、练习：汽车和飞机的尾气导致空气污染（air pollution）。答案：The emissions from vehicles and planes can cause air pollution.The emissionsFrom vehicles and planesCan causeAir pollution冠词+名词介宾短语助动词+主动词名词成分ModernHas allowedrich peopletoaccumulatemore easily（主+谓+宾+宾补）翻译练习：现代科技让富人积累财富（accumulate wealth）更加容易答案：Modern technology h
11、as allowed rich people to accumulate wealth more easily.technologywealth形容词+名词不定式副词定语+主语定语+宾语宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的成 分）（主+谓+间宾+直宾）翻译练习：电脑科技可以给人们相互交流的机会。Computer technology gives people opportunities to communicate with each other.Computer technologyGivesPeopleOpportunitiesto communicate with each other名词词组主动
12、词间接宾语直接宾语后置定语修饰opportunities（主+被动语态） 翻译练习：那些重犯（serious offenders）需要被送到监狱（sent to prison） 服刑。Those serious offenders should be sent to prison.Those serious offendersShould be sentTo prison限定词+形容词+名词情态动词+过去分词补语（补充说明offenders）（主+不及物动词） 翻译练习：学费（tuition fee）一直在上涨。The tuition fee has been rising.The tuiti
13、on feehas been rising助动词+现在分词（主+系+表） 翻译练习：长时间工作（work long hours）已经成为一种惯例在公司里。Working long hours has become a norm in companies.Working long hoursHas becomeA normIn companies动名词系动词的完成时态不定冠词+名词（there be） 翻译练习：有很多应聘者（job applicants）竞争有限的职位。There are many job applicants competing for limited positions.M
14、any Job applicantsareCompeting for limited positions限定词+名词系动词现在分词+介宾短语后置定语（it 充当形式主语或者宾语） 翻译练习：创造幸福、繁荣的社会（prosperous society）将会是很难的。It would be difficult to create a happy, prosperous society.ItWould beDifficultTo create a happy, prosperous society代词情态动词+系动词形容词形式主语真正的主语In some countriesHave to faceA
15、 long prison termiftheycommitCrimes动词冠词+形容词+名词连词连词不充当成分，只是连接句子从句的主语从句的谓语从句的宾语（状语从句）翻译练习：一些国家的人如果犯罪会面临长期服刑。People in some countries have to face a long prison term if they commit crimes.（名词性从句）翻译练习：一些人认为严厉的惩罚可以减少犯罪（deter crime）。Some people argue that harsh punishments can help deter crime.some People
16、ArgueThatHarsh punishmentsCan helpDeter crime限定词+ 名词省略了to 的不定式引导宾语从句（定语从句）翻译：减税对于那些生活拮据（live on a tight budget）的人有好处Tax reductions are beneficial to those who live on a tight budget.Tax reductionsArebeneficialTo+thoseWhoLive on a tightbudget不及物动词+介宾短语Beneficial的宾语引导定语从句我们用这些简单的句子翻译，大概了解了 8 种常见的单句和 3
17、 种常见的从句。单句：1 主谓宾 2 主谓宾+宾补 3 主谓+间宾+直宾 4 被动结构 5 主+不及物 6 主系表 7 there be 句型 8 以 it 做形式主语或者宾语的句子从句：1 状语从句 2 名词性从句 3 定语从句然后大家也要熟悉下面 8 种句子成分，还有 12 种词性。懂了这些，你的写作基本上就是入门了。否则，你写句子都是糊里糊涂的。主语和宾语1 名词， 2 代词， 3 动名词， 4 不定式 10 数词谓语动词5 动词表语或者补语1 名词 6 形容词 7 现在分词 8 过去分词 9 介宾短语 4 不定式2 代词 6 形容词 10 数词 7 现在分词 8 过去分词 9 介宾短语
18、1 名词 4 不定式2 代词 11 副词 7 现在分词 8 过去分词 9 介宾短语 41 名词，2 代词， 3 动名词宾语的补语1 名词2 代词3 动名词4 不定式6 形容词7 现在分词8 过去分词9 介宾短语10 数词11 副词12 限定词简单的主谓宾结构翻译 1：经常做运动会提高人的自信错误的句子：Exercise regularly can rise ones confidence.错误 1 Exercise 如果这里是动词，应该用动名词，如果是名词，不能用副词修饰错误 2 rise 不及物动词正确的句子：Regular exercise can increase ones self-c
19、onfidence.句子结构：主语+及物动词+宾语（confidence） 可以用定语从句扩充：Participating in sports frequently can boost peoples confidence, which is important not only to the youth but also to the elderly.注： 不可以说“regular doing exercise”，因为形容词 regular 不可以修饰 doing中文翻译：经常参加体育活动能够提高人们的自信心，这不但对年轻人而且对老人很重要。翻译 2：教学的质量对学生成绩有很大的影响。错误的
20、句子 ：Teaching qualities are important to students improve academic performance错误 1 quality 表示质量的时候不可数错误 2 to 是介词，后面不用加句子The quality of teaching can make a huge difference to students academic performance.主谓宾 也可以用并列句拓展The quality of teaching can make a huge difference to students academic performance.
21、 and therefore, parents prefer to choose prestigious schools for children.教学的质量被认为是决定学生成绩的关键，因此，家长喜欢为孩子选择名校。翻译 3：家长和老师应该努力去减少小孩看电视的时间。parents and teachers should do their efforts to curb the time of watching TV on children.错误 1 make an effort to 固定表达错误 2 curb 一般是抑制某种行为，而不是接time.错误 3 “watching TV on
22、children”也不通。parents and teachers should make an effort to limit childrens screen time.主语（parents and teachers）+及物动词（make）+宾语（effort）拓展的句子：Parents and teachers should make an effort to limit childrens screen time, thereby protecting childrens eyesight and encourage them to do more out-door activitie
23、s.错误：protecting 和 encourage 不对称s eyesight and encouraging them to do more outdoor activities.这句话的分词最好不要改成定语从句，因为前面不知道是修饰“screen time”还是“limit screen time”家长和老师应该努力去减少孩子看电视的时间，这样会保护孩子的视力，鼓励他们做户外运动。翻译 4：经济的下滑（economic slowdown）导致失业率的上升Economic slowdown made the climbing unemployment rate.错误 1 不要用过去时错误
24、 2 用不定冠词好一点，因为正在上升的失业率一般不可能是唯一的。Economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate.主语+及物动词+宾语 Economic slowdown has led to a climbing unemployment rate, in view of the fact that employers are reluctant to recruit new employees so as to cut overhead. 可能产生歧义，” recruit new employees” 是雇佣，“reluctant
