1、,Chinese Opera 中国戏曲,Contents,Introduction,Varieties,Peking Opera,Introduction-Chinese Operas,Chinese Opera has been acknowledged as one of the greatest ancient dramas in the world,paralleling the Comedies and Tragedies of Greece and the Sanskrit（梵文）Drama of India.The Chinese opera is a traditional f
2、orm of stage entertainment,weaving together elements of mime,dance,song,dialogue,swordplay,and acrobatics into one fluid continuous flow.Gestures,movements and expressions incorporated within each performers script come together to bring forth an impressive performance.,Introduction-Chinese Operas,I
3、n contrast to Western stage entertainment,which is subdivided into different categories such as opera,drama and sketches（幽默短剧）,Chinese opera has remained faithful to its original format over the centuries.Their origin can be traced back to primitive society but the prototype(雏形)for Chinese opera act
4、ually appeared in the Song dynasty about 800 years ago.,Introduction-Chinese Operas,Although sharing a common ancestry,Chinese opera boasts over 300 various distinct forms-taking their names from their places of origin.These forms are generally discernible（可是别的）by their use of local dialects and dis
5、tinct melodies.Beijing opera is considered by most to be the most refined.Also widespread are Pingju Opera,Kunqu Opera,Shaoxing Opera,Henan Opera,Sichuan Opera,Shanxi Opera,Huangmei Opera,Huagu Opera and Yangko Opera.Some Chinese ethnic minority groups have some local form of operas.,Varieties,North
6、ernBeijing opera 京剧 Errenzhuan 二人转(Northeast China)Hebei bangzi 河北梆子(Hebei)Jiju 吉剧(Jilin)Lju 吕剧(Shandong)Pingju 评剧(Hebei)Puju 蒲剧(Shanxi)Qinqiang/Qin dynasty opera 秦腔(Shaanxi)Shandong bangzi(Shandong)Shanxi bangzi(Shanxi),Southern(main)Cantonese opera(Guangdong)Chaozhou opera Ganju/Yiyangqiang(Jiangx
7、i)Huju(Shanghai)Kunqu Liyuan opera Puppet opera Shaoxing opera/Yueju(Zhejiang)Suzhou opera(Suzhou)Taiwanese opera Wuju(Jinhua),Varieties of Chinese Opera,Over 300 types all togetherBeijing Opera（京剧）Yue Opera（越剧）Huangmei Opera（黄梅戏）Yu Opera（豫剧）Ping Opera（评剧）Kun Opera（昆剧）Hebei Clapper Opera（河北梆子）Chuan
8、Opera（川剧）Yue Opera（越剧）Lu Opera(吕剧）,Beijing Opera（京剧）,Beijing Opera,once called Peking Opera,is the most influential and representative of all operas in China and has a history of over 200 years.Beijing Opera is noticeable for four highly systemized categories of singing,acting,reciting and acrobatic
9、 fighting.,The Four roles in Beijing Opera,Famous Plays in Beijing Opera,The Gathering Of Heroes群英会The Empty City空城计 The Orphan of the Zhao赵氏孤儿 The Female Generals of the Yang杨门女将Red Lantern红灯记The Sparks in Reed Marshes芦荡火种To Take the Weihu Mountain by Strategy智取威虎山,Yue Opera越剧,Yue Opera is a local
10、opera popular in the southern regions of the Changjiang River.Yue Opera has a history of nearly 100 years.The famous performer Yuan Xuefen（袁雪芬）,contributed significantly to the reform of this opera.Well known plays include The Butterflys Love梁山伯与祝英台,The Dream of Red Mansions红楼梦and The West Chamber西厢
11、记.,Huangmei Opera黄梅戏,Huangmei Opera,once called Huangmei Tune（黄梅调）,is a local opera in Anhui Province,was basically derived from the Caicha Tune（采茶调,tea-picking tunes）of Huangmei county.The Huangmei Opera uses the talents of the well-known performer,Yan Fengying（阎凤英）,and the traditional plays are Th
12、e Heavenly Maid and the Mortal天仙配and Female Son-in-Law of the Emperor女驸马。,Yu Opera豫剧,Yu Opera,also called Henan Clapper Opera（河南梆子）or Henan High Tune（河南高调）,is a major local opera in Henan Province and enjoys nationwide popularity.There are more than 600 traditional plays in the repertoire of Yu Oper
13、a,among them are Playing Short Spears对花枪and The Beheading of Chen Shimei 铡美案.The most famous performer is Chang Xiangyu（常香玉）.,Ping Opera评剧,Ping Opera is a traditional opera widely popular in Beijing,Tianjin,North and Northeast China.It is especially good at reflecting life of urban people and has ga
14、ined great favor from people both in rural and urban areas.Classic plays include Flower,a Matchmaker花为媒and Du Shi Niang杜十娘,to name just a few.Representative performers are Xiao Bai Yushuang（小白玉霜）and Xin Fengxia（新风霞）.,Kun Opera昆曲,Kun Opera,also called Kunshan Qiang(昆山腔),originated in the Kunshan regi
15、on of Jiangsu Province.It is one of Chinas classical operas with a history of more than 600 years.The traditional plays of Kun Opera include The Injustice to Dou E窦娥冤,The West Chamber西厢记,The Peach Blossom Fan桃花扇,The Peony Pavilion牡丹亭and Palace of Eternal Youth长生殿.The representative performers are Yu
16、 Zhenfei（俞振飞）and Hong Xuefei（洪雪飞）.,Hebei Clapper Opera河北梆子,Hebei Clapper Opera is a local opera which originated in Hebei Province,yet also became very popular in Beijing,Tianjin and some regions of Hebei,Liaoning,Jilin,Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia and Shandong Provinces.Representative plays include
17、The Generals of the Yang杨家将,Lotus Lantern宝莲灯and Qin Xianglian秦香莲.,Chuan Opera川剧,Chuan Opera is one of the oldest local operas in China,mainly prevalent in Sichuan province and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces.There are some unique and rare features of Chuan Opera used to depict（描绘）certain chara
18、cters.For example,the actors with a third eye on their forehead can suddenly open it and have an insight into the past and the future;some actors can change their facial make-ups with a quick swing of the head;and some are proficient at jumping through burning hoops or hiding swords.They are perfect
19、ly integrated with the plot of the play,the mood and the personality of the characters.,Yue Opera 粤剧,Yue Opera is a major opera prevalent in areas where people speak Guangdong dialect,such as Guangdong and Guangxi provinces,Hong Kong,Macao and overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.Its orche
20、stra(管弦乐队)has adopted Western instruments such as violin,saxophone,cello(大提琴)and double bass(大贝斯或低音提琴),in addition to Chinese traditional instruments like Erhe（二胡）,Gaohu（高胡）,Sanxian（三弦）,and Yueqin（月琴）.In acting,stage scenery and lighting,the techniques of modern drama and Western opera have been int
21、egrated.A leading actress is Hong Xiannu（红线女）,Chinese Musical Instruments,wind instruments(吹奏乐器)bowed string instruments(拉弦乐器)plucked string instruments(弹拨乐器)percussion instruments.(打击乐器),Wind or Blowing Instruments 吹奏乐器,The wind instruments are mainly made of bamboo or wood and are in the form of a
22、 pipe.They can produce smooth and sonorous(调子高的，响亮的)sound by wind blowing through the pipe.There is a variety of wind instruments used in Chinese music,among them are the Dizi,Xiao and Sheng.These play a key role in various musical ensembles（重奏）.,Wind or Blowing Instruments 吹奏乐器,笛,箫,笙,唢呐,Bowed Strin
23、g Instrument拉弦乐器,The bowed string instruments produce from the vibration of the strings sweet sound and rich tone colors.Most of Chinese bowed string instruments belong to the Huqin（胡琴）group,such as the Erhu,the Gaohu and the Banhu,the former two have sounding membranes(薄膜)made of python(蟒蛇)skin,whi
24、le the later one has a wooden sounding board.They can express profound feelings and display exquisite(精湛的)skills of the performer.,Bowed String Instrument拉弦乐器,二胡,京胡,板胡,Plucked String Instrument弹拨乐器,The plucked string instruments are played by plucking the strings with fingers or plectrums(弦拨).There
25、are various kinds of plucked string instruments made of different forms.The group of the plucked string instrument mainly includes the Guqin,Zheng and Pipa.,Plucked String Instrument弹拨乐器,筝,琵琶,阮,三弦,扬琴,Percussion打击乐器,The history of percussion instruments in China is longer than any other category of t
26、raditional instruments.The character of drum was first found in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty.China has an enormous variety of percussion instruments and the more popular ones are the Gu,Zhong,Bo and Luo,which can make sounds full of appeals and local color.,Perc
27、ussion打击乐器,青铜编钟,编磬,锣,钹,鼓,木鱼,Peking Opera,History of Peking Opera,Roles of Peking Opera,Facial masks,Brief Introduction,Beijing opera or Peking opera is a form of traditional Chinese theatre which combines music,vocal performance,mime,dance and acrobatics.The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dy
28、nasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.,Beijing opera was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes brought Anhui opera,or what is now called Huiju,to Beijing in 1790,for the birthday of
29、 the Qianlong Emperor.Beijing opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later.In 1828,some famous Hubei troupes came to Beijing.They often jointly performed in the stage with Anhui troupes.The combination gradually formed Beijing operas melodies.Beijing opera is generally re
30、garded as having fully formed by 1845.Although it is called Beijing opera(Beijing theatre style),its origins are in the southern Anhui and eastern HubeiBeijing opera is not actually a monolithic form,but rather a coalescence of many older forms.,Development,Performers utilize the skills of speech,so
31、ng,dance,and combat in movements that are symbolic and suggestive,rather than realistic.The skill of performers is evaluated according to the beauty of their movements.Performers also adhere to a variety of stylistic conventions that help audiences navigate the plot of the production.The layers of m
32、eaning within each movement must be expressed in time with music.Beijing opera are based on Chinese history,folklore,and,increasingly,contemporary life.,Beijing opera was initially an exclusively male pursuit.The Qianlong Emperor had banned all female performers in Beijing in 1772.The appearance of
33、women on the stage began unofficially during the 1870s.Female performers began to impersonate male roles and declared equality with men.By 1894,the first commercial venue showcasing female performance troupes appeared in Shanghai.This encouraged other female troupes to form,which gradually increased in popularity.As a result,theatre artist Yu Zhenting俞振庭 petitioned（请愿）for the lifting of the ban af
