1、 1.Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家（P3）2.Communicating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突（P6）3.Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.（p10）4.The Rainmaker 人工造雨（P13）5.Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星（P16）6.A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究（P19）7.Transit of Venus 金星凌日（P22）8.Placebo EffectThe Power of Nothing安
2、慰剂效应（P25）9.The origins of Laughter 笑的起源（P29）10. Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集（P32）11. Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性（P36）12.Terminated! Dinosaur Era! 恐龙时代的终结（P40）13. TV ADDICTION 电视上瘾（P43）14.EI nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟（P46）15.The extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草（P50）16.Education philosophy
3、教育的哲学（P53）17.The secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密（P57）18.consecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译（P60）19.Numeracy: can animals tell numbers动物会数数么（P63）20.Going nowhere fast（P66）21.The seedhunters种子收集者（P69）22.The conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾（P72）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20minutes on
4、 Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景：业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据，这种数据叫做“amateur data”. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度有多少等问题。Amateur NaturalistsFrom the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sight
5、ings of migratory birds, ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change.A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The books yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Le
6、icestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers list and gardening diaries. “Were uncovering about one major new record each month,” he says, “I still get surprised.” Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, beg
7、an recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate- when the first wood anemones flowered, the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.B Today, such records are being put to uses that their a
8、uthors could not possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arr
9、ival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up, producing an overwhelming res
10、ponse. “The amount of interest is almost frightening,” says Sparks, a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire.C Sparks first became aware of the army of “closet phenologists”, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham record
11、s. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads, people tip him off to other historical records, and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier- one
12、 man from Kent sent him 30 years worth of kitchen calendars, on which he has noted the date that his neighbours magnolia tree flowered.D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin, an ecologist at Stanford University in California, recently studied records of a bett
13、ing contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917, and analysis of the results showed that the thaw now arriv
14、es five years earlier than it did when the contest began.E Overall, such records have helped to show that, compared with 20years ago, a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere, from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence
15、of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate change, amateurs records could help guide conservation. Terry Root, an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has collected birdwatchers counts of wildfowl
16、taken between 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. “The number of waterfowl in North America
17、will most probably drop significantly with global warming,” she says.F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. “A lot of scientists wont touch them, they say theyre too full of problems,” says Root. Because different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes, for exampl
18、e, an open snowdrop. “The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken,” says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate.” We need to know pretty precisely what a persons been observ
19、ing- if they just say I note when the leaves came out, it might not be that useful,” Measuring the onset of autumn can be particularly problem-atic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.G Overall, most phenologists are positive about the
20、 contribution that amateurs can make. “They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,” says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its c
21、ollector. “You always have to worry- things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because theyre not rigorous enough,” she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen
22、 University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standard
23、ized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. “Its very difficult
24、 to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,” says Root.H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. “Because the public understand these records, they accept them,” says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequen
25、ces, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. “People are thrilled to think that the data theyve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific it empowers them,
26、” says Root. Questions 27-33 Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H Which paragraph contains the following information Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet. 27. The definition of phenology 28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records 29. How people reacted to
27、their involvement in data collection 30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection 31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions 32. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change 33. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur natural
28、istsQuestions 34-36Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet34. Walter Coatess records largely contain the information of .35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on his land.36. Accor
29、ding to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased .Questions 37-40Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collecte
30、d by amateurs A Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable.D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate thatA Amateur records cant be used.B
31、Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise.39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be usedA Using improved methods.B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques
32、 in data collection.40. Whats the implication of phenology for ordinary peopleA It empowers the public.B It promotes public relations.C It warns people of animal infestation.D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.交流的方式与冲突。从古希腊时期开始，一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更
