1、定语从句与虚拟语气回复:四中网校资源定语从句精讲虚 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：英语中if 从句有两种：一种是以陈述语气叙述的叫做真实条件句，说明所提出的假想是可以实现的；另一种是以虚拟语气叙述的，叫非真实条件句，说明所提出的假想实现的可能性极小或与事实相反。这种虚拟语气一般因所指的时间的不同而分三种情况： 表示与现在事实相反：If + 从句主语 + 动词的过去式，主语+should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形（be 一般用were）如：If I were you, I would go by plane.如果我是你，我将坐飞机去。（ In fact I am not
2、 you. ）If he were here, he would decide what to do.如果他在这里，他会决定做什么。（In fact he isnt here.）If I had the letter at hand, I would read it.如果我手头有这封信的话，我会读它的。（In fact I dont have the letter at hand.）If she knew about it now, she would come.如果她现在要是知道这件事的话，她会来的。（In fact she doesnt know about it.）If he had t
3、ime, he would go with you.如果他有时间，他会同你一起去的。（In fact he is very busy, so he cant go with you.） 表示与过去事实相反：If + 从句主语 + had + 过去分词，主语+should/ would/ could/ might +have +过去分词如：If he had come here yesterday, I should have told him.如果他昨天到这里来，我早就告诉他了。 (Fact: He did not come and I did not tell him.)If I had t
4、aken his advice, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.如果我当时接受了他的劝告，我是不会犯那样一个错误的。(Fact: I didnt take his advice and I made such a mistake.)If I hadnt been so busy last Monday, I would have called her.如果我上周一不忙的话，我早就给她打电话了。(Fact: I was busy last Monday and I didnt call her.)与将来事实可能相反： 动词的过去式， If + 从句主语 +
5、 should +动词原形， + 主语 + should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形 were to +动词原形，如：If it should snow/snowed/were to snow tomorrow, I would not go out.如果明天下雪的话，我就不出去了。 (But I know it wont snow tomorrow.）If he failed/should fail/were to fail, he would try again.如果他失败的话，他会再试一次。(I know that most probably he wont
6、fail.）If I had time next year, I would study German.如果我明年有时间的话，我就学德语。(I know that most probably I wont have time next year.) 在书面语中，有时if虚拟从句可使用倒装形式，方法是：如果if从句中含有were, had 或should时，把条件从句中的if省略，将were/ should/ had 移至主语之前。如：If I were in his place, I should learn to drive. Were I in his place, I should le
7、arn to drive.如果我处于他的地位，我一定学开车。If it should snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. Should it snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.如果明天下雪，会议将会延期。If they had helped us, we would have succeeded. Had they helped us, we would have succeeded.如果他们帮助了我们，我们早就成功了。If it were to snow tomorrow, what
8、would you do? Were it to snow tomorrow, what would you do?万一明天下雪的话，你怎么办。 如果从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致，例如：一个与过去事实相反，另一个与现在事实相反，动词的虚拟语气形式应根据所指的实际时间来选用。如：If he were alive, he might have finished his scientific researches on the bridge-building three years ago.如果他现在还活着，他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作了。（从句所表示的动作与现在事实相反，主句
9、所表示的动作与过去事实相反）If you had followed his advice, you would not be in trouble now.如果你当初听从他的建议，你现在就不会陷入这种困境了。（从句表示的动作与过去相反，主句所表示的动作与现在相反）If I had followed the doctors advice, I would be quite all right now.如果我当时听从了医生的建议，我现在就完全恢复了健康。（从句所表示的动作与过去相反，主句所表示的动作与现在相反）If I were you, I would have gone with her.如果
10、我是你，我早就和她一起去了。（从句表示与现在事实相反，主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反） 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示如：We could have done better under more favourable conditions.在更有利的条件下，我们还可以做得更好些。Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earths vegetation would die almost immediately.如果没有太阳的热量和光，地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式来表现：如
11、：I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet.我那天生病了，否则就参加运动会了。But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.要是没有碰到暴风雨，我们还会早一些到的。I would have written before, but I have been ill.本来该早就给你写信的，但我生病了。 虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用：wish 的各种时态都不影响从句的时态 与现在事实相反的愿望：wish + 从句主语+ 动词的过去式如：
12、He wishes he were a bird.他希望自己是一只小鸟。I wish I were ten years younger.真希望自己年轻十岁。I wish I remembered the address.我要是记得地址就好了。 与过去事实相反的愿望：wish + 从句主语+ had + 动词的过去分词如：She wished she had been braver then.她真希望那时她胆子大一些。I wish he had gone to the exhibition.要是他去参观展览会就好了。I wish you had been here yesterday.要是你昨天
13、在这里就好了。We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.但愿我们过去对发音注意得更多一些。 与将来事实可能相反的愿望：wish + 从句主语+ should/would/could/might + 动词原形如：We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.但愿他明天和我们在一起。I wish he would try again.我希望他还能再试一次。 虚拟语气在suggest, demand, propose, command, request, desire, order, insi
14、st等动词之后的宾语从句中，表示命令和建议： suggest/ demand/ propose/ command/ request/ desire/ order/ insist/ask(请求，要求)+(that) + sb.+ (should ) +动词原形如：We suggest that the meeting (should) be postponed.我们建议会议延期。They insist that he (should ) obey every command.他们坚持他该服从命令。The chairman proposed that they (should) stop the
15、meeting.主席建议他们把会议停下来。The leader ordered the soldiers (should) be sent to the front at once.那位领导人下令马上派兵上前线。They asked that arrangements (should) be made to send the comrades back to Beijing.他们要求作好安排把这些同志送回北京。The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.工人们要求增加工资。suggest的主语如果不是指人，而是指某一现
16、象时，其后的宾语从句常不表示建议，而是暗示一种情况，此时的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气（sb. should do sth. ）, 而应根据内容使用正确的时态。如：I suggested that the meeting (should) not be put off in spite of the rain.我建议不要因为下雨而推迟会议。The look on her face suggested she was sad.她脸上的表情表明她难过。（was不能改成should be）如果insist后面的宾语从句不是表示对未来某一动作的主张或要求，而是坚持过去或当时的某一事实，则其宾语从句不用虚拟语
17、气(should do sth.), 而应根据内容使用正确的时态。如：He insisted we discuss the problem at the meeting.他坚持在会议上我们要讨论这个问题。He insisted he hadnt spoken ill of you behind your back.他坚持说他没有在背后说你的坏话。 虚拟语气在as if/though 从句中的应用：在as if/though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同。如：I have lo
18、ved you as if you were my son.我喜欢你，就好像你是我的儿子。They were sitting there as if nothing had happened.他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过。They are talking as if they had been friends for years.他们说话很亲热就像多年的老朋友。I heard a noise as if someone were breathing.我听到了声音就像有人在呼吸。(as if从句的虚拟语气用进行时态表示与主句的动作同时发生)as if/though 引导的从句有时依句意需
19、要，也可用陈述语气，表示说话人认为有可能是事实的事如：It seems as if she knows me.似乎她认识我。（事实上她认识我的可能性很大）He walks as if he is drunk.他走起路来像是喝醉了酒。（事实上他可能真的喝醉了） 虚拟语气在Its (high) time中的应用：Its (high) time that sb. +动词过去式/ should do sth.如：Its time that we went/should go to bed.我们该睡觉了。Its high time that we stopped/should stop this pra
20、ctice.我们的确该停止这种做法了。 虚拟语气在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中的应用：一般多用may 或might（口语中也可用can/could）如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you.请说得明白些，以便他们都能懂你的话。I lent them some money in order that they might go for a holiday.我借给他们一些钱以便他们可以去度假。 虚拟语气在for fear that, lest 和in case引导的从句中的应用：这时谓语动词多用should加
21、动词原形如：I took my umbrella with me lest it should rain.我带上雨伞怕下雨。He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands.他把所有的重要文件都烧毁了，怕它们会落入敌人的手中。Heres some money in case you should need it.这儿有点钱以防你需要用。 虚拟语气在某些表语从句和同位语从句中的应用：在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea,
22、request等词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，常用： (should) +动词原形，用来适合于说话人所表示的建议、要求、命令等语气。如：Her suggestion is that we should go to help them.她的建议是我们理应去帮助他们。（表语从句）The officers order was that the bridge be destroyed before daylight.军官命令在拂晓前炸毁桥梁。（表语从句）My idea is that we send a few comrades to help the other groups.我的意见是派几个同志
23、去帮助别的小组。（表语从句）What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?他建议在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么样。（同位语从句）I agree with the plan that she visit London this summer.我同意她今年夏季出访伦敦。（同位语从句）The advice that steps be taken at once sounds reasonable.立即采取步骤的建议听起来有道理。（同位语从句） 在It is importan
24、t/natural/necessary/strange that的主语从句中：(should ) + 动词原形如：It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle.在斗争中团结一切可以团结的人是非常重要的。It is necessary that I (should) return the book this morning.今天早上我有必要还书。It is strange that she (should) go away without saying good-bye.奇怪的
25、是她不说再见就走了。It was quite natural that my picture (should) surprise them.我的照片使他们吃惊是十分自然的。 在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposedthat和Its a pity that的主语从句中：(should) + 动词原形如：It is requested that he give a performance at the party.有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目。It has been decided that the meeting be postpon
26、ed till next Saturday.已经决定会议延期到下周日。It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚准备好。It is a pity that he should be so conceited.真遗憾他会这样自高自大。(十一) 在expect, believe, think等动词的否定形式后的宾语从句中，用should + 动词原形/ 完成形式，表惊奇、怀疑等语气如：I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.我从
27、没想过这个问题会这样复杂。I never thought he should refuse.我从没想到他会拒绝。(十二) 在if only 引导的句中：如：If only I had not lost it.我要是没丢多好呀。If only we had taken his advice.我们要是听从了他的建议就好了。If only the letter had arrived in time.信要是及时到就好了。If only he were here.要是他在这里就好了 。(十三)在某些表示祝愿的句子中：谓语动词用动词原形如：Long live the Communist Party of
28、 China!中国共产党万岁！May the friendship between our two peoples last forever.祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。May you succeed!祝你成功！ （十四） 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态，表示说话人客气、有礼貌或语气婉转如：Would you mind my smoking here?我在这里吸烟你介意吗？Could you come a little earlier next time?下次你稍微早点来好吗？You had better leave the matter to me.你最好把这事交给我。(十五)在even if
29、引导的让步状语从句中，表示一种假设，构成虚拟语气，其虚拟语气构成形式与if虚拟条件句相同如：Even if he had been tended without delay, nothing would have saved him.即使他受到立即治疗，也没有什么东西能救他。Even if I were there, I shouldnt be able to solve the problem by myself.即使我在那儿，我也不能自己解决这个问题。高考预测题：1. If I _ where he lived, I _ a note to him.A. knew, will sendB. had known, would hav
