1、机械专业外文翻译 Application of an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system for stamping dies for automobiles Bor-Tsuen Lin & Chun-Chih KuoAbstract The globalization and competition in the automobile industry makes it necessary to reduce the time spent on product development. Therefore, computer aided product developm
2、ent has become one of the most important techniques in the automobile industry. According to the concurrent engineering concept, an integrated CAD/CAE/ CAM system for automobile stamping die development is established. The system is based on 3D surface construction CAD software STRIM, CAD/CAE softwa
3、re CATIA, stamping formability analysis software DYNAFORM, CAM software CADCEUS, a stamping design knowledge- based system, and a product database. This paper uses the development of trunk lid outer panels as an example to showcase the power of the system, in which the different development stages c
4、an be performed simultaneously. The system can greatly reduce the development time and cost, improve the product quality, and push products into the market in a relatively short time.1 Introduction Since stamping parts have considerable potential because of their competitive productivity and perform
5、ance, they have been widely used in the automotive industry. However, the manufacturing industry has three major goals: to improve product quality, to reduce development cost, and to reduce the time spent on development. In order to achieve these goals, we need to bring in new technologies. From the
6、 manufacturing viewpoint, the major requirement for most applications of sheet metal is good formability 1. Given that part surfaces have become more and more complex and sharp-edged, we need to take advantage of formability analysis to understand their stamping properties. In 1963, Keeler and Backo
7、fen 2 introduced the concept of forming limit diagrams （FLDs）.They analyzed the shape and size for an etched circle-grid of sheet metal after it had been stamped. This technique has been widely used in sheet metal formability analysis since then. Recently, software that uses a finite element method
8、has been used to analyze and simulate sheet metalformability. Chen and Liu 3 combined circle-grid analysis with formability analysis to identify an optimal die face, so that the split defect at the drawn-cup wall in the rear floor panel could be avoided. Makinouchi 4 used formability analysis softwa
9、re to analyze four stamping partsfenders,trunk lid outer panels, side frame outer panels, and tire disk wheelsand to predict their blank geometry, springback, sheet thickness, residual stress, and common defects after stamping. Bigot et al. 5 developed a methodology to validate the modeling of an al
10、uminum forming process based on dimensional characterization and finite element comparison. Taking advantage of artificial neural network, knowledge based systems and finite element analysis, Pilani et al. 6 proposed a method for automatically generating an optimal die face design based on die face
11、formability parameters. Since die structures are becoming more and more complex and large-sized, we must use a solid model in die design to avoid any potential interference among the various components. Moreover, the solid model can be used for building dissolve models and estimating the fragile sec
12、tion of die structures. Therefore, it is necessary to use a 3D CAD/CAE/CAM system to build solid models, todevelop CNC tooling path programs, and to analyze the stress of die structures when developing stamping dies. Nahm and Ishikawa 7 utilized the set-based design approach with the parametric mode
13、ling technique to handle the uncertainties that are intrinsic at early stages of the design. Park et al. 8 combined a CAD/CAM system with a knowledge-based system to develop deep drawing dies ofthe motor housing. Cheng et al. 9 used Visual C+ programming to create CAD software for the conceptual des
14、ign of the scroll compressor, and fabricate a real orbiting scroll part on a CNC machining center. The globalization and competition in the automotiveindustry makes it necessary to reduce the time spent on product development. Networks are widely used nowadays.As a result, Kao and Lin 10 designed a
15、system that uses a local area network and the Internet to allow two geographicallydispersed CAD/CAM users to simultaneously work on the development of products. Kong et al. 11 developed an Internet-based collaboration system for a press die design process for automobile manufacturers to shear design
16、 models and analysis results. Moreover, an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system can tremendously improve productivity. Xu and Wang 12 used the multi-model technology and an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system to develop cylinder head. Yue et al. 13 took advantage of the concurrent engineering concept and develop
17、ed an integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system to develop die casting dies for water pumps, which successfully reduce the development time and cost, and improve product quality. Ferreira 14 developed an integrated CAD/RP/FEA system to improve the manufacturing process for Zn casting.This paper illustrates an i
18、ntegrated CAD/CAE/CAM system for designing stamping dies of trunk lid outer panels for automobiles using concurrent engineering （CE）.2 Procedures for developing stamping dies for automobiles Once receiving the surface model of a stamping part from an automobile manufacturer, the die manufacturer ini
19、tializes the development process, which is shown in Fig. 1.Die face design is a process that uses CAD software to create 3D die faces, which include stamping part surfaces, addendums, drawbeads and binder faces, and analyzes their stamping properties using formability analyzing software. Taking poss
20、ible common defects into consideration, designers keep modifying the 3D surfaces until they obtain an optimal drawing die face, which will be used in designing dies and designing NC programs for processing die faces.Layout diagram design is the process of developing the die layout diagram based on i
21、ts surface model, which includes the following sub-tasks: identifying the central reference point, identifying the press direction, identifying the responsibilities of each process, designing drawing die faces, suggesting die height and indicating press lines. Since automotive stamping dies can be v
22、ery large in size, they are processed by casting in order to minimize their weight and cost. 3D CAD/CAE software must be used to design the solid model to avoid any potential interference among various components, which includes cavity, punch,strengthened ribs, functional units and/or standard parts
23、 for upper and lower die sets, and blank-holder （BH）. After the die design process is finished, designers will perform motion and interference analysis on the 3D solid models and modify them if any problem is identified. Moreover, the stamping force is very large, modification and enhancement should
24、 be made to the die structural models where necessary through structural analysis. Die manufacture includes dissolve dies manufacture, die dimension manufacture and die face manufacture. Dissolve dies are needed because die bodies are processed by casting. After identifying the information needed to
25、 construct 3D solid models, designers should develop NC tooling pathprograms to make dissolve dies using CNC machines. Then, the die bodies are cast through dissolve dies. Die dimension manufacture is responsible for making all reference planes and holes, such as die base planes, guiding planes, sto
26、pper planes, assembling planes, positioning holes and bolt holes. Die face manufacture generates all surfaces that will be completed in all subsequent sub-tasks. Designersuse 3D CAM software to design tooling paths, including roughing, finishing, and corner finishing paths. Moreover, cutting simulat
27、ion needs to be conducted to ensure the feasibility of the process. After the tooling paths have been identified, they will be posted into NC code to allow further processing by CNC machines.When the dies have been manufactured and assembled, CMM （coordinate measuring machines） will measure the dime
28、nsions of the dies. If no faults are found, die tryouts will be produced. If the tryouts meet all requirements and specifications, mass production ensues. 3 The integrated CAD/CAE/CAM systems Figure 2 shows the scheme of the integrated CAD/CAE/CAM system for stamping dies. This system includes a set
29、 of CAD die face design software, a set of stamping formability analyzing software, a set of CAD/CAE software, a set of CAM software, a stamping die design knowledge-based system, and a product database.Die face design is the process of designing various supporting surfaces around the stamping part
30、surfaces. These supporting surfaces are not part of the stamping part surfaces. Therefore, the die manufacturer is responsible for the die face design. In order to ensure consistency between the stamping parts surfaces and its supporting surfaces, specialized surface design CAD software must be used
31、.Commonly used commercial software includes Icem Surf by Icem, STRIM by SGI, and CATIA by Dassault.The surfaces of automotive parts are very complex and sharp-edged. Their formability cannot be predicted using previous experience. In order to ensure product quality, designers need to perform formabi
32、lity analysis on die faces before designing stamping die. Currently, this kind of software includes DYNAFORM by ETA, PAM-STAMP by EDS, and AUTOFORM by AFE.Automotive stamping die structures include structural subcomponents, such as punch, cavity, strengthened ribs, functional units, and cam mechanisms, which are used to change the stamping direction and reduce die sizes. The die faces of punch and cavity are made up of
