1、北京师范大学博士入学英语试题及答案详解北京师范大学考博英语试题及答案解析第一部分：试题Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%) Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with
2、 a single line through the center. 1 The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize
3、(获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designe
4、d to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In r
5、ecent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscul
6、ar strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer s
7、ome health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National
8、 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. 16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _. A) sports activities B) places for physical exercise C) recreation centers D) athletic training programs 17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for _. A) the promotion of aerobi
9、c exercise B) endurance and muscular development C) the improvement of womens figures D) better performance in aerobic dancing 18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement? A) Positive. B) Indifferent. C) Negative. D) Cautious. 19. People were given physical fit
10、ness tests in order to find out _. A) how ell they could do in athletics B) what their health condition was like C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise 20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training _. A) has become an essential par
11、t of peoples life B) may well affect the health of the trainees C) will attract more people in the days to come D) contributes to health improvement as well 2 Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms,
12、 were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very different from paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reason for this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydr
13、ates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer sk
14、eletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the wa
15、lls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material. The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure d
16、amage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage m
17、ay not be completely safe from them, On the other hand, fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, l
18、ung are the source of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin 21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss? A. differences between simple and complex fungi B. functions of chlorophyll in plants C. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells D. differenc
19、es between fungi and plants 22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi? A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants. B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi C. New methods of species identification have been intro
20、duced D. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised. 23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they _. A. can be destroyed by fungi B. have unusual chemical compositions C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells D.
21、 secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do 24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _. A. They grow hyphac B. They secrete enzymes C. They synthezise cellulose D. They destroy crops 25. The passage mentions “penicillin” (last line) as an example of _. A. a medicine deri
22、ved from plants B. a beneficial use of fungi C. a product of the D. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures 3 By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centuries was cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easy to process
23、and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of
24、the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiberor lintfrom the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but i
25、s demanded long growing season, available only along the nations casterm seacoast .Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitneys gin was a hand-powe
26、red machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents of Lint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or stream Multiplied productivity further The interaction of improved processin
27、g and high demand led to a rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In
28、 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricult
29、ural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United Stateswest of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River. 26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _. A. the European te
30、xtile industry increased its demand for American export products B. Cotton became the most important American export product C. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process D. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry 27. All of the f
31、ollowing are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT_. A. cottons softness B. cottons case of processing C. a shortage of flax and wool D. the growth that occurred in the textile industry 28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its
32、_. A. abundance of seeds B. adaptability to different climates C. long growing season D. long fibers 29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitneys cotton gin? A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants tha
