1、外文标题：Cruise traveler satisfaction at a port of call 外文作者：Young-Tae Chang, Shu-Min Liu, Hyosoo Park and Younghoon Roh文献出处: The flagship journal of international shipping and port research ,Volume 43, 2018 - Issue 4 （如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做）英文6071单词，39856字符（字符就是印刷符），中文9419汉字。Cruise traveler satisfa
2、ction at a port of callABSTRACT:No studies have been conducted on cruise traveler expectations for a port of call in Asia. Current literature on general tourism shows that the research to measure traveler satisfaction is divided into two dominant approaches, the disconfirmation model, based on the E
3、xpectancy Disconfirmation Paradigm, and the perceptions-only model. However, previous disconfirmation models used different sample populations to measure traveler expectations and perceptions, resulting in biased results. The main objectives of this research was two-fold: （1） to develop a measuremen
4、t scale for evaluating the expectations of cruise travelers during their visit to a port of call; and, （2） to examine the satisfaction of cruise travelers using the same sample population of the pre-visit expectations and post-visit experiences. The measurement scale for cruise travelers was develop
5、ed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Three factors, “Overall convenience/People,” “Culture/Exploration,” and “Commodities/Attractions,” were extracted from the analysis. Among these factors, the “Culture/Exploration” factor explained the largest part of overall sati
6、sfaction. The results also showed that the perception-only model outperformed the disconfirmation model in explaining overall satisfaction. Additionally, overall satisfaction was found to have a greater impact on the intention to recommend the visit to others than on the intention to revisit.KEYWORD
7、S：Cruise traveler satisfaction; port of call; Incheon1.IntroductionThe cruise industry has been dominantly developed in North America and Europe, where the most popular travel routes are in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas （Wild and Dearing 2000; Soriani et al. 2009; Gui and Russo 2011; Brida et
8、 al. 2013）. Accordingly, most research about cruise tourism has focused on these regions. The Asian cruise market has witnessed rapid growth in recent years. The annual number of cruise passengers in Asia increased from 0.85 million in 2005 to 1.27 million in 2010, and is expected to reach 2.02 mill
9、ion in 2020 with a mean growth rate of 4.8% （CLIA 2011）. In contrast to the maturing cruise market in Asia, most Asian ports are functioning as ports of call rather than homeports. Therefore, the market characteristics in Asia differ from those in North America and Europe due to the different stages
10、 of market development, demographic characteristics, and travel preferences. Although the Asian cruise market is rapidly growing, no studies have been conducted for this region, particularly on the issue of cruise traveler expectations for a port of call.On the other hand, current literature on gene
11、ral tourism shows that research to measure the satisfaction of travelers has been divided into two dominant approaches. The disconfirmation model, based on the Expectancy Disconfirmation Paradigm （EDP）, suggests that differences between traveler expectations and actual experiences can better explain
12、 the level of traveler satisfaction. The perceptions-only model suggests that only actual experiences affect the level of traveler satisfaction regardless of their expectations （Petrick 2004; Huang and Hsu 2010; Hui, Wan, and Ho 2007）. As will be discussed in the following literature review, the two
13、 approaches have yielded mixed results, and which model better explains traveler satisfaction has yet to be determined. Moreover, previous disconfirmation models used different sample populations of traveler expectations and perceptions, thereby incorrectly measuring the results due to this serious
14、bias （Hui, Wan, and Ho 2007）. Numerous studies have acknowledged that future disconfirmation models should use the same sample populations （Yksel and Rimmington 1998）.Thus, there are two main objectives of this research: and （2） to examine the satisfaction of cruise travelers using the same sample p
15、opulations of travelers pre-visit expectations and post-visit experiences, and to analyze whether the disconfirmation model and or the perceptions-only model better explains the cruise industry. The terms “percep- tion” and “experience” will be used interchangeably in this paper. To the best of the
16、authors knowledge, no tourism studies have developed the measurement scale at a port of call and used paired samples to analyze traveler expectations and satisfaction levels. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by developing the measurement and testing of the disconfirmation and perc
17、eptions-only approaches to examine traveler satisfaction.To gather the necessary data to address these research issues, cruise travelers visiting the Port of Incheon （POI）, South Korea, were surveyed. The POI serves as a port of call where cruise ships transit to for a visit. The POI received 159 87
18、9 cruise passengers in 2013, which is a remarkable increase from 1673 in 2007. A survey was designed to identify cruise traveler motivations and measure their satisfaction based on previous research （Hung and Petrick 2011; Hosany and Witham 2010）. In addition, the relationship between expectations o
19、r perceived performance and overall satisfaction was examined based on the model that combines the EDP and Service Quality Framework proposed by Hui, Wan, and Ho （2007）. However, Hui, Wan, and Ho （2007） acknowledged that their results may have been tainted with potential biases from not using a pair
20、ed set of samples. One necessary condition for their model is that the respondents are surveyed in a timely manner. Otherwise, each respondent would give biased answers （Yksel and Rimmington 1998）. For example, a cruise travelers expectations should be measured at the beginning of the cruise, and sa
21、tisfaction at the end. Moreover, the pair of questionnaires should be given to the same respondent.Cruise traveler expectations for a port of call were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis （EFA） to extract the major factors of their expectations. The relationships among expectations, perceptions/
22、experiences, overall satisfaction, intentions to revisit, and intentions to recommend the visit to others were measured based on the model proposed by Hui, Wan, and Ho （2007） using a paired sample. Figure 1 shows the basic framework of the model.The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. S
23、ection 2 presents a literature review. Section 3 explains the major methodology and Section 4 presents the results and discusses the implications. Finally, the paper is concluded and further research areas are suggested.2.Literature review2.1. Cruise traveler satisfactionAssessing cruise traveler sa
24、tisfaction is important to both cruise lines and port authorities, as satisfaction is one of the key determinants for how cruise lines organize itineraries （Rodrigue and Notteboom 2013）. For port authorities, this translates into attracting more cruise ships, which in turn generates considerable mon
25、etary and nonmonetary benefits to the regional economy （Dwyer and Forsyth 1998; Penco and Di Vaio 2014）. Nonmonetary value, such as the word-of-mouth （WoM） effect, is drawing more attention from academia, since recommendations influence the product choice of potential tourists （Litvin, Goldsmith, an
26、d Pan 2008）. The findings by Satta et al. （2015） prove that overall satisfaction has significant impacts on the WoM effect. Penco and Di Vaio （2014） measured the “echo effect,” which is a measurable indicator of the WoM effect. Their estimates found that each cruise traveler who expressed satisfacti
27、on made recommendations to between 13 and 18 people.Cruise traveler satisfaction studies can be classified according to the type of ports where the surveys were conducted. For example, a cruise homeport is the port where the cruise ships begin their itineraries and load the necessary supplies, such
28、as food and commodities. A port of call is the port where cruise ships temporarily visit as the tourist attraction for cruise travelers. As argued by Brida et al. （2012）, travelers can exhibit different patterns depending on whether they are in a homeport or a port of call. Although travelers in a p
29、ort of call prioritize the local tourist attractions, those in a homeport tend to contact local people and experience the local culture. Moreover, the proximity to international airports is not a concern for cruisers at a port of call while it is for cruisers at a homeport. This is why cruise lines
30、consider this as the most important factor for homeport （Lekakou, Pallis, and Vaggelas 2009） selection. Therefore, the classification of a port has to be defined for a clear analysis of passenger satisfaction. Another classification can be the types of experiences travelers are having.The perception
31、s on and off cruise ships have been analyzed in many studies. Teye and Leclerc （1998） surveyed travelers with two different itineraries in the Mediterranean region and analyzed the perception of travelers onboard the ships. Although they assessed the expectations and satisfaction levels of the key s
32、ervice components, they used relatively weak methods, such as simply calculating the mean and standard deviation. Qu and Ping （1999） analyzed cruise traveler motivations in Hong Kong and measured the effects of the overall satisfaction on their intentions to revisit. They reported that the accommodations, entertainment, and food and beverage predominantly affected their intentions to revisit. Andriotis and Agiomirgianak
