1、since+时段+agosince+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.四has gone （to）,has been （to）, has been （in） 的区别Have/Has gone（to） :去了（现在不在说话现场）Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been （to） :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/
2、has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.五现在完成时的标志1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:* 以already, just和yet为标志He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以ever和never为标志This is th
3、e best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+beforeHe has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以
4、从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。* for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志 注意： 1）现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;2）不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成： have （has） +过去分词.规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆.现以
5、see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句, 否定句和疑问句列表如下：肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.I/You/We/They have not/ havent seen the film.He/ She/It has not/hasnt seen the film.疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they havent.Has he/she/it seen the f
6、ilm? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasnt.二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在.用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与just（刚刚）,already（已经）,never（从来没有）,ever（曾经）,before（以前）,yet（仍然）,once（一次）,twice（两次）,many times（很多次）,how many times（多少次）,so far（迄今为止）,during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用. 副词的位置：just常用于肯定句中,放在ha
7、ve / has后,He has just come .never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has主语ever 过去分词?“曾经过吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历.Have you ever been to the farm?before用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.already用于肯定句, h
8、ave / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态.时间状语有： for表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years. since表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. since表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born. since一段时间ago. I have
9、 known him since 20 years ago.三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for,since,how long, all ones life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词.如：be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等.I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?四、延续性动词的现
10、在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用.如this morning,today,this week,these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有：come,go,arrive,reach,
11、see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等.这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long,for,since）连用.He has come back.（）He has come back for two hours.（） 但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如I havent heard from my father for a long time.
12、We havent seen him since 1999.六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long,since,for, all ones life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）（2）用“It is / has been时间sin
13、ce一般过去时态”句型来改写.He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）（3）用“时间has passedsince一般过去时态”句型来改写.He has left home for 20 yea
14、rs. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.（4）用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.How long has he left? 改为:H
15、ow long has he been away?（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词.He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.常见的相应转换形式如下:borrow / lendkeep, buyhave, finish / endbe over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get tobe in /at / be here /be there, begin / startbe on , openbe open , closebe clos
16、ed, diebe dead , leavebe away（from）,go to schoolbe in school / be a student, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep , fall illbe ill, get to knowknow, losebe lost, becomebe, return / come back / get backbe back, joinbe in / be amember, join the armybe in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letterhave
17、 a letter , catch / get a coldhave a cold, begin to studystudy,他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago.It is three years since
18、 he joined the army.Three years has passed since he joined the army.（1）He came to our village two years ago.=He our village since two years ago.（2）He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days.（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago.（4）It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=
19、I the book for 5 days.（5）The film has begun= The film for half an hour.（6）I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for 10 years.（7）There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years.（8）Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.七、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题1. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”,现已不在那里
20、,如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次.（过去“到美国”,现在已“不在美国”）have gone to主要强调的是“去了”,现在人不在说话的现场,如：-Wheres your mother? -你妈妈在哪?-She has gone to the hospital. -她去医院了.2. have been to 和have been in的区别have been to强调人“已回到原地”,后面可接表示“次数”的状语. She has been to Shanghai only once.-How many times has he been
21、 there? -Hes been there many times.have been in表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间,现仍在那里”,其后常带表示一段时间的状语. They have been at the bus stop for half an hour.他们在车站呆了半小时.（现在仍然在车站）We have been in Xian for two weeks.我们在西安呆了两个多星期.（现仍在西安）How long have they been in China?他们在中国呆了多长时间了?（仍在中国）八、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?一般过去时和现在完成时的动
22、作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系.现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在.如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has w
23、ritten some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等.现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all ones life等八、规则动词的过去分词
24、和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加ed（d）.已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:1） 原形中的元音字母有变化:get-got-got, sit sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stoodunderstand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung2） 原形中的辅音字母有变化:make-made-
25、made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-builtsend-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent3） 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heardpay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid4） 原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smel
26、t spell-spelt spelt keep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-soldtell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-boughtbring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn5） 与原形相同:hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-
27、readset-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:1）原形中的元音字母有变化:ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swumbegin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2） 在原形上加en:eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- writtenbe-was/were-been rise-r
28、ose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3）在原形上加n:see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blowngrow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4）在过去式上加n:steal-stole-stolen break-brokenbroken choose-chose-chosen spe
29、ak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken6） 与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become7） 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:learn-learned-learned shined-shined smell smelled-smelledlearnt-learnt shine shone-shone smelt-smeltwake -waked-waked spelled-spelledwoke-woken spell -spelt spelt【典型例题】1. Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new? No, I _ it for two years.A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought2. His grandfather _ for over two years.A. has died B. has been dead C. has dead D. died3.Uncle Li can spea
