1、商务英语翻译 之 词汇翻译,词义的选择词义的引申词类转换法视角转化法增 减 法重 复 法 数字翻译,商务英语翻译 之 句法翻译,否定句式比较句式被动句式定语从句,商务英语翻译 之 文体与语篇,商号与名片 商务广告商务合同翻译商务信函,倒计时放射性尘埃家政东方食物液体,countdown fallouteconomyorientationmeatliquor,词义的选择（Choice of Meanings）随着语言的发展，词义也在变化当中：,扩展为:十分危急的情况,扩展为:（不良的）后果,转化为:经济,转化为:方向,缩小为:肉类,缩小为:烈酒,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,（二）根据词性确
2、定词义,（三）根据专业来确定词义,（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文 来确定词义,词义的选择,a low figure,3.The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.,4.The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.,生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。,小数目,英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到历史（最）低点。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,2.workers on low incomes,低收入工人,We sell che
3、ap quality goods.We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.You will find our prices for these goods very popular.,我们销售物美价廉商品。,我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。,贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes.If you feel interested in our business proposal,please send
4、us the samples together with your best terms and conditions.As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price,we cant give you any more discount.,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,请报自行车最低价。,如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。,我方已报最低价，折扣不能再多给了。,（二）根据词性确定词义,1.He gets a 10%commission on everything he sells.,2.Party B is commissioned by
5、 the manufacturers to buy steel plates.,他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金。,乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板。,1.Those who come early to the sale get first choice.,2.Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.,我方产品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都会使贵方满意。,这次大甩卖，早到的顾客可优先选购。,（三）根据专业来确定词义,2.Bank i
6、nterest rates are going to rise this month.,1.The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.,3.His business interests are very extensive.,保险费率因保险标的的不同而有所差异。,银行利率在本月要上调。,他在多家企业中拥有股份。,Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition.,Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“应有
7、的勤奋”，而在企业融资领域里，是指律师、会计师等专业人员以专业身份和知识审核有关资料是否准备齐全的一个过程，业内通常译为“尽职调查”或“审慎调查”。,在确定大笔投资或收购前需要进行尽职调查。,on an arms length basis（法律用语）并非按一般英汉字典上的解释“同对方保持一定距离”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。,交易条款按照公平原则商订。,The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arms length basis.,（三）根据专业来确定词义,The company has raised its join
8、t venture equity to 70%to gain management control,which has tripled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.,equity 通常指“公正，公平”的意思，而在金融市场上指的是企业资产中所占的股份。initial investment是商贸中常用的术语，通常译为“先期投资”或“预付款”，而不是“一开始的投资”。,公司将其在合资企业的股份增至70%，
9、以获得管理控制权，这使其先期投资增加了两倍，而且现在正在扩大产品范围和生产能力来满足不断增长的需求。,（三）根据专业来确定词义,以一个常见的词为例：account,1.Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,2.The company is one of our major accounts,so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.,公司与供货商交易时因其提供赊销而产生应付账款。,那家公司是我们的主要客户之一，因此我们得
10、尽可能满足他们的需求。,（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文来确定词义,可指“账户、客户、生意往来关系”，复数则可指“账目、会计部门、账款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含义：,3.The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.,4.She works in accounts.,5.The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.,财务总监被控伪造公司账目。,她在会计部门工作。,这个新成立的公司在汇丰银行开立了账户。,（一）词义的转化,（二）词义的具体化,（三）词义的
11、抽象化,词义的引申（extension）,词义的引申在一个词原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的译语词汇来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐字死译。,1.Every life has its roses and thorns.2.sleep deficit,每个人的生活都有苦有甜。,睡眠不足,（一）词义的转化,翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套词典给出的字面意义，对号入座，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至不知所云。因此，有时应根据上下文和原词的字面意义，做适当的转化。,（一）词义的转化,1.These days,the U.S.economy isnt“graduating enou
12、gh scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,”says Charles C.Leighton,“Thats a real concern.”,2.The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.,近来，美国在经济发展过程中“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要，”查尔斯C莱顿说，“这才是真正需要关注的问题。”（graduate 由“毕业”转化为“培养”。）,可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。（do not stop
13、 here由“不停留在这里”转化为“并不止这些”。）,3.Our products,if maintained properly and regularly,can at least see twenty years service.,Cloud在现代英语里可以表示“使人产生未曾想到的伤心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。,20世纪70年代石油价格猛涨，给许多发展中国家的经济发展计划投下一抹阴影。,我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用二十年。,4.The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the develop
14、ment plans of many developing nations.,（二）词义的具体化,词义的具体化把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据译语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。,1.Now that the merger of“dot and com”has created so many young millionaires,theres a new topic:venture capital.,2.All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.,既然网络公司的兼并造就了如此多的
15、年轻百万富翁，我们面临一个新话题：风险资本。（一般公司网址都有“dot and com”，所以此处具体引申为“网络公司”。）,经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。（wit and learning 由抽象的“智慧与学识”引申为具体的“专家学者”。）,（二）词义的具体化,3.There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems,more than transient everydayness.,他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。（everydayness“平
16、淡无奇”，此处具体引申为“柴米油盐”。）,4.The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.,董事会已尽最大努力改善本公司的整体财务状况。（balance sheet由抽象名词“资产负债表”具体引申为“整体财务状况”。）,（三）词义的抽象化,词义的抽象化将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性，一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,1.The interest rates have seesawed between 10 an
17、d 15 per cent.,2.Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.,利率一直在 10到15之间不断波动。（see-saw 由“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“波动”。）,大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就倾家荡产了。(lose his shirt 由“丢了一件衬衫”引申为“失去一切。）,（三）词义的抽象化,3.CEO Finklestein:He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company.,首席
18、执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要回天之术来挽救公司。（pull a rabbit out of his hat 原义为“从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来”，在此引申为“像耍魔术一样拿出一种不同凡响的解决办法”。）,4.The owners son has the inside track for the job.,5.The EECs Common Agricultural Policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.,老板的儿子有优先获得这项工作的权利。
19、（inside track 由“内圈跑道”抽象化为“优先的权利”。）,欧洲经济共同体的共同农业政策早已不合时宜，因为它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。（dinosaur 由“恐龙”抽象化为“要被废弃的的落后的庞然大物”。）,词类转换法（conversion）,词类转换指的是词性和表现方法的改变。英语中不少词类，如名词、动名词、介词、形容词、副词等在英译汉时往往需要进行一定的调整，转译成汉语动词。当然，英语的名词化和汉语的动词化并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词。,3.A government report targets earnings from indust
20、ry at US$200 billion by 2008.,2.The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.,政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到2008年，要使工业收入达到2000 亿美元。（英语动词转换成汉语名词）,通过批量生产可以大幅度降低生产产品的成本。（英语介词转化成汉语动词）,1.I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international marke
21、ts.,我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。（英语名词转换成汉语副词）,4.Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.,5.The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.,广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。（英语副词转换成汉语形容词）,我方产品种
22、类繁多，品质优良，价格合理，能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。（英语名词转换成汉语形容词）,2.crisis law,3.Students are still arriving.,视角转化法,1.riot police,防暴警察,反危机法,学生还没有到齐。,5.Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy（China Daily 标题）,4.Dont stop running.,继续跑。,反通货膨胀是银行新政的目标。,6.arms conference,裁军会议,7.bench warmer,“冷板凳”队员（替补队员）,视角转化法（Shift of Perspec
23、tives）,视角转换在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情况下，用译语意义替代原语意义，重组原语信息的表层形式，转换表达角度，使译文更符合汉语习惯，更易于被读者接受，更有利于译文预期功能的实现。,视角转换技巧除了包括肯定句与否定句之间的相互转换，还包括其他与原文不同或相反的表达角度。,1.With the winter coming,many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes.,2.Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its
24、 shares in the Group.,冬天即将来临，许多商店开始销售寒衣了。（此处 warm clothes 不译为“暖和的衣服”，经视角转换后译为“御寒的衣服，寒衣”。）,乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律拥有优先购买权。（如果把 right of first refusal 刻译成“优先拒绝权”，则有失准确，必须经过视角转换把它译成“优先购买权”才符合行业规范。）,3.We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.,4.The supermarket designated quite a f
25、ew pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.,如果贵方订单足够大，我方可提供9折优惠。（take ten percent off 本义为“把价格扣除百分之十”，利用视角转换法可翻译成“打九折”。）,该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好多个上车地点。（pick-up points 原义为“接（顾客）的地点”，现在经过视角转换则变为“上车地点”。）,5.The seller determines to sell it at one price.,6.In his 1
26、776 work The Wealth of Nations,Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.,商家决定该产品不二价销售。（at one price 为“只以一种价格”，这样的表达表示不出商家不愿同顾客讨价还价的决心，而用“不二价”则意义明确。）,苏格兰经济学家亚当斯密在其1776年所著的国富论中认为，专业化生产会引起产出增加。（这里，把“增加的产出”转变为“产出增加”。）,7.But the A shares,off limit
27、s to foreign investors,were still among the best performers.,但仅对国内投资者发行的A股股票，仍表现上佳。（off limits to意为“禁止进入”，直译显得语气生硬，而将“禁止外国投资者进入”转换视角，译为“仅对国内投资者发行”则很委婉。）,1.Theyll have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.,这项投资不会在短时间内赢利，他们得做好准备。,2.Urban clearway.,市区通道，不准停车。,3.Keep upright.,
28、切勿倒置。,4.The bill was defeated,but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.,虽然议案未获通过，但在随后的25年中，有100多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会。,增减法（Amplification&Pruning）,增词法1)增补同义词 2)增补范畴词 3)增补产品名称 4)增补动词 5)为语法需要 6)复数翻译法,减词法,（一）增补同义词,增词法,英语有一词多义的特点，同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭配，相互修饰、制约，语言仍自然流
29、畅。汉语在词的搭配方面相对严谨，同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英语词汇的一词多义的特点，我们应采用增补同义词的技巧，这样才能使译文既准确达意，又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。,1.The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss,cost and budget.,2.Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business,contract and draf
30、t.,产品革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本和缩减预算。,买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。,3.High morale contributes to high levels of productivity,high returns to stakeholders,and employee loyalty.,员工士气高会提高生产力水平、增加股东收益，并增强其忠诚度。,He must loiter about country churches,attend wakes（守丧）and fairs and other rural festivals,and cope wi
31、th the people in all their conditions,and all their habits and humours.他们一定要在教堂里消磨一下时光，参加纪念守护神节日的活动，逛逛集市，与村民同庆他们的节日，和身世各异的人打交道，并了解他们的习惯和性情。,（二）增补范畴词,直译：市场对商品需求的变化受内因和外因影响。添加范畴词修饰相应的抽象名词changes和 factors，则两个词会更加具体、明确。,增词法,在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。例如：The changes of req
32、uirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.,商品市场需求的变化情况受内因和外因两方面因素影响。,1.The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention.,中东的紧张局势已引起了广泛关注。,4.Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency,the consequent de-motivation of staff wi
33、ll undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.,除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。,2.The temperature needed for this processing is not high.,这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。,3.For many years,there has been serious unemployment in this city.,多年来该城市一直有严重的失业现象。,5.Not to educate him(the child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.,如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就要使儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。,混乱
