1、 Its a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. （06C）8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competen
2、ce : The ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence:universally found in the grammars of all human languages,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. competence有什么区别？11. performance : The actual realization
3、 of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrar
4、iness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.（08C）15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure
5、, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.（ regardless of time or space） （04）18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based
6、while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.（ Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct）.19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language
7、processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations. Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic mediu
8、m of language.（and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds）2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the worlds languages. （06C）3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speakers point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses
9、his speech organs to articulate the sounds. （03）4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearers point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.或者It studies the way so
10、unds travel by looking at the sound waves,the physical means by which sounds are transimitted through the air from one person to another）6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal co
11、rds.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of
12、sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which
13、 obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the indivi
14、dual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.（08F）19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An ab
15、stract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;its represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. （06F/ 04）或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic
16、 enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme （07C/ 05）22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.（06C）23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment
17、and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they dont distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in
18、 the same position. 26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound
19、is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments（syllable, word, sentence）,including stress tone intonation.（08F）30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of
20、vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, theyre collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are id
21、entical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set. Chapter 3: Morphology 1. morphology: A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formation.2. open class: A group of words, which contains an unlimited number of items, and
22、 new words can be added to it constantly.（08C）3. closed class: A group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members,including conjunctions ,prepositions ,pronouns.etc.4. morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning of a language. It can not be divided without altering or dest
23、roying its meaning.5. affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which changes the meaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6. suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a word, and which usually changes the part of speech of a word.7. prefix:
24、 The affix, which is added to the beginning of a word, and which usually changes the meaning of a word to its opposite.8. bound morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be combined wit others. E.g. ment.9. free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.（07F）10. derivation
25、al morpheme: Bound morpheme, which can be added to a stem to form a new word.11. inflectional morpheme: A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as number, tense and case.（but never change their syntactic category）.（08F）12. morphological rules: The ways words are forme
26、d. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.13. compound words: A combination of two or more words, which functions as a single words14. inflection: the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification to indicate such grammatical categories as numuber,tense or
27、pluarity. （04）15.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sent
28、ences.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.3. syntactic categories: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.4
29、. major lexical category: one type of word level categories, which often assumed to be the heads around which phrases are built, including N, V, Adj, and Prep.5. minor lexical category: one type of word level categories, which helps or modifies major lexical category.6. phrase: syntactic units that
30、are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.7. phrase category: the phrase that is formed by combining with words of different categories.（In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are
